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Favipiravir and Ivermectin Showed in Vitro Synergistic Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2

Jitobaom et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-941811/v1
Oct 2021  
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Ivermectin for COVID-19
4th treatment shown to reduce risk in August 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 105 studies, recognized in 23 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 110 treatments. c19ivm.org
In Vitro study showing a strong synergistic effect of ivermectin and favipiravir. Combining multiple antiviral drugs with different mechanisms of action helps to minimize drug resistance and toxicity.
For ivermectin alone, IC50 for Calu-3 was 0.2µM, supporting in vivo efficacy at 0.6 mg/kg.
70 preclinical studies support the efficacy of ivermectin for COVID-19:
Ivermectin, better known for antiparasitic activity, is a broad spectrum antiviral with activity against many viruses including H7N768, Dengue34,69,70, HIV-170, Simian virus 4071, Zika34,72,73, West Nile73, Yellow Fever74,75, Japanese encephalitis74, Chikungunya75, Semliki Forest virus75, Human papillomavirus54, Epstein-Barr54, BK Polyomavirus76, and Sindbis virus75.
Ivermectin inhibits importin-α/β-dependent nuclear import of viral proteins68,70,71,77, shows spike-ACE2 disruption at 1nM with microfluidic diffusional sizing35, binds to glycan sites on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein preventing interaction with blood and epithelial cells and inhibiting hemagglutination38,78, shows dose-dependent inhibition of wildtype and omicron variants33, exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of lung injury58,63, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 via IMPase inhibition34, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 induced formation of fibrin clots resistant to degradation7, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro51, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RdRp activity26, may minimize viral myocarditis by inhibiting NF-κB/p65-mediated inflammation in macrophages57, may be beneficial for COVID-19 ARDS by blocking GSDMD and NET formation79, may interfere with SARS-CoV-2's immune evasion via ORF8 binding2, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 by disrupting CD147 interaction80-83, shows protection against inflammation, cytokine storm, and mortality in an LPS mouse model sharing key pathological features of severe COVID-1956,84, may be beneficial in severe COVID-19 by binding IGF1 to inhibit the promotion of inflammation, fibrosis, and cell proliferation that leads to lung damage6, may minimize SARS-CoV-2 induced cardiac damage37,45, increases Bifidobacteria which play a key role in the immune system85, has immunomodulatory48 and anti-inflammatory67,86 properties, and has an extensive and very positive safety profile87.
Jitobaom et al., 14 Oct 2021, preprint, 8 authors.
In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
This PaperIvermectinAll
Favipiravir and Ivermectin Showed in Vitro Synergistic Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2
Kunlakanya Jitobaom, Chompunuch Boonarkart, Suwimon Manopwisedjaroen, Nuntaya Punyadee, Suparerk Borwornpinyo, Arunee Thitithanyanont, Panisadee Avirutnan, Prasert Auewarakul
doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-941811/v1
Despite the urgent need for effective antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 to mitigate the catastrophic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, there are still no proven effective and widely available antivirals for COVID-19 treatment. Favipiravir and Ivermectin are among common repurposed drugs, which have been provisionally used in some countries. There have been clinical trials with mixed results, and therefore, it is still inconclusive whether they are effective or should be dismissed. It is plausible that the lack of clearcut clinical bene ts was due to the nding of only marginal levels of in vivo antiviral activity. An obvious way to improve the activity of antivirals is to use them in synergistic combinations. Here we show that Favipiravir and Ivermectin had the synergistic effects against SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells. The combination may provide better e cacy in COVID-19 treatment. In addition, we found that Favipiravir had an additive effect with Niclosamide, another repurposed anti-parasitic drug with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. However, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of Favipiravir was drastically reduced when tested in Calu-3 cells. This suggested that this cell type might not be able to metabolize Favipiravir into its active form, and that this de ciency in some cell types may affect in vivo e cacy of this drug.
Vero E6 cells were seeded in 12-well plates at a density of 2.2×10 5 cells/well, which allowed 100% con uence to be reached within 18 hr. The culture medium was removed, and the cells were inoculated with 100µl of 10-fold serial dilutions of virus supernatants for 1 hr. at 37 o C with 5%CO 2 . After that, the virus supernatants were removed, and the cells were overlaid with 1.56% microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel, RC-591) in 2%FBS-MEM. The cells were further incubated in the standard condition for three days. The overlaid medium was removed, and the cells were xed with 10% (v/v) formalin in phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) for 2 hr. The xed infected cells were washed in tap water, stained with 1% (w/v) crystal violet in 20% (v/v) ethanol for 5 min and washed to remove the excess dyes. The plaques were counted, and the viral titers were calculated in plaque forming units per ml (pfu/ml). 50% cell culture infectious dose (TCID 50 ) endpoint dilution assay Vero E6 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 3×10 4 cells/well. The culture medium was removed, and the cells were incubated with half-log10 serial dilution of the virus stock for 48 hr. at 37 o C with 5%CO 2 . After that, the cells were xed with 1:1 methanol/acetone for 30 min at 4 o C and the infectivity was detected with an antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (40143-R001, Sino Biological). The viral TCID 50 titers were calculated using the Reed and Muench method 73 . One-step qRT-PCR for..
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