Ivermectin also inhibits the replication of bovine respiratory viruses (BRSV, BPIV-3, BoHV-1, BCoV and BVDV) in vitro
Kadir Yesilbag, Eda Baldan Toker, Ozer Ates
Virus Research, doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198384
In vitro testing Bovine coronavirus Bovine viral diarrhea virus Bovine respiratory syncytial virus Bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus Bovine herpesvirus type 1 A B S T R A C T Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is an important viral infection that causes huge economic losses in cattle herds worldwide. However, there is no directly effective antiviral drug application against respiratory viral pathogens; generally, the metaphylactic antibacterial drug applications are used for BRD. Ivermectin (IVM) is currently used as a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic agent both for veterinary and human medicine on some occasions. Moreover, since it is identified as an inhibitor for importin α/β-mediated nuclear localization signal (NLS), IVM is also reported to have antiviral potential against several RNA and DNA viruses. Since therapeutic use of IVM in COVID-19 cases has recently been postulated, the potential antiviral activity of IVM against bovine respiratory viruses including BRSV, BPIV-3, BoHV-1, BCoV and BVDV are evaluated in this study. For these purposes, virus titration assay was used to evaluate titers in viral harvest from infected cells treated with noncytotoxic IVM concentrations (1, 2.5 and 5 μM) and compared to titers from non-treated infected cells. This study indicated that IVM inhibits the replication of BCoV, BVDV, BRSV, BPIV-3 and BoHV-1 in a dose-dependent manner in vitro as well as number of extracellular infectious virions. In addition, it was demonstrated that IVM has no clear effect on the attachment and penetration steps of the replication of the studied viruses. Finally, this study shows for the first time that IVM can inhibit infection of BRD-related viral agents namely BCoV, BPIV-3, BVDV, BRSV and BoHV-1 at the concentrations of 2.5 and 5 μM. Consequently, IVM, which is licensed for antiparasitic indications, also deserves to be evaluated as a broad-spectrum antiviral in BRD cases caused by viral pathogens.
Experiment no Target Treatment Viral titers (Log10 TCID 50 )* BRSV BPIV-3 BoHV-1 BCoV BVDV #2 Virus attachment Non-treated 10 6.75 10 7.00 10 5.75 10 4.50 10 5.50 IVM-treated 10 6.75 10 6.75 10 5.50 10 4.50 10 5.50 #3 Virus penetration Non-treated 10 5.50 10 6.50 10 5.75 10 4.75 10 3.50 IVM-treated 10 5.25 10 6.50 10 5.25 10 4.25 10 2.75 * No statistical significance was observed between titers obtained from treated and non-treated experiments of the particular virus species.
Author statement Kadir Yesilbag: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervising, Writing, Redactions, Funding acquisition. Eda Baldan Toker: Writing-Original draft preparation, Validation, Investigation, Formal analysis Ozer Ates: Resource, Investigation.
Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplementary material related to this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.virusres.2021.198384.
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