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Genome-wide analyses reveal the detrimental impacts of SARS-CoV-2 viral gene Orf9c on human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes

Liu et al., Stem Cell Reports, doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.01.014 (date from preprint)
Jan 2022  
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Ivermectin for COVID-19
4th treatment shown to reduce risk in August 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 105 studies, recognized in 23 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 110 treatments. c19ivm.org
In Vitro study showing that ivermectin and meclizine treatment may minimize SARS-CoV-2-induced cardiac damage by reducing Orf9c-induced apoptosis and dysfunction. Using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, authors show that the SARS-CoV-2 gene Orf9c may play a key role in the detrimental effects of the virus on cardiomyocytes by reducing ATP levels.
70 preclinical studies support the efficacy of ivermectin for COVID-19:
Ivermectin, better known for antiparasitic activity, is a broad spectrum antiviral with activity against many viruses including H7N768, Dengue34,69,70, HIV-170, Simian virus 4071, Zika34,72,73, West Nile73, Yellow Fever74,75, Japanese encephalitis74, Chikungunya75, Semliki Forest virus75, Human papillomavirus54, Epstein-Barr54, BK Polyomavirus76, and Sindbis virus75.
Ivermectin inhibits importin-α/β-dependent nuclear import of viral proteins68,70,71,77, shows spike-ACE2 disruption at 1nM with microfluidic diffusional sizing35, binds to glycan sites on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein preventing interaction with blood and epithelial cells and inhibiting hemagglutination38,78, shows dose-dependent inhibition of wildtype and omicron variants33, exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of lung injury58,63, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 via IMPase inhibition34, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 induced formation of fibrin clots resistant to degradation7, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro51, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RdRp activity26, may minimize viral myocarditis by inhibiting NF-κB/p65-mediated inflammation in macrophages57, may be beneficial for COVID-19 ARDS by blocking GSDMD and NET formation79, may interfere with SARS-CoV-2's immune evasion via ORF8 binding2, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 by disrupting CD147 interaction80-83, shows protection against inflammation, cytokine storm, and mortality in an LPS mouse model sharing key pathological features of severe COVID-1956,84, may be beneficial in severe COVID-19 by binding IGF1 to inhibit the promotion of inflammation, fibrosis, and cell proliferation that leads to lung damage6, may minimize SARS-CoV-2 induced cardiac damage37,45, increases Bifidobacteria which play a key role in the immune system85, has immunomodulatory48 and anti-inflammatory67,86 properties, and has an extensive and very positive safety profile87.
Liu et al., 23 Jan 2022, peer-reviewed, 11 authors. Contact: lyang7@iu.edu (corresponding author).
In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
This PaperIvermectinAll
SARS-CoV-2 Viral Genes Compromise Survival and Functions of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes via Reducing Cellular ATP Level
Juli Liu, Yucheng Zhang, Shiyong Wu, Lei Han, Cheng Wang, Sheng Liu, Ed Simpson, Ying Liu, Yue Wang, Weinian Shou, Yunlong Liu, Michael Rubart-Von Der Lohe, Jun Wan, Lei Yang
doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477147
Cardiac manifestations are commonly observed in COVID-19 patients and prominently contributed to overall mortality. Human myocardium could be infected by SARS-CoV-2, and human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 gene-induced injury and dysfunction of human CMs remain elusive. Here, we find overexpression of three SARS-CoV-2 coding genes, Nsp6, Nsp8 and M, could globally compromise transcriptome of hPSC-CMs. Integrated transcriptomic analyses of hPSC-CMs infected by SARS-CoV-2 with hPSC-CMs of Nsp6, Nsp8 or M overexpression identified concordantly activated genes enriched into apoptosis and immune/inflammation responses, whereas reduced genes related to heart contraction and functions. Further, Nsp6, Nsp8 or M overexpression induce prominent apoptosis and electrical dysfunctions of hPSC-CMs. Global interactome analysis find Nsp6, Nsp8 and M all interact with ATPase subunits, leading to significantly reduced cellular ATP level of hPSC-CMs. Finally, we find two FDA-approved drugs, ivermectin and meclizine, could enhance the ATP level, and ameliorate cell death and dysfunctions of hPSC-CMs overexpressing Nsp6, Nsp8 or M. Overall, we uncover the global detrimental impacts of SARS-CoV-2 genes Nsp6, Nsp8 and M on the whole transcriptome and interactome of hPSC-CMs, define the crucial role of ATP level reduced by SARS-CoV-2 genes in CM death and functional abnormalities, and explore the potentially pharmaceutical approaches to ameliorate SARS-CoV-2 genes-induced CM injury and abnormalities.
Author contributions JL and LY initiated and designed studies. JL performed all experiments and data analyses. SW, LH, CW, ES, YW and YLL assisted in whole RNA-seq. YZ and JW assisted in bioinformatics. YL, WS and ML supported calcium handling and MEA experiments and data analyses. JL, JW, ML and LY wrote the manuscript. Declaration of interest The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Figure 1 Supplemental Information acquisition a minimum AGC of 2e3 and charge exclusion of 1, and ≥7 were used.
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