SARS-CoV-2-associated lymphopenia: possible mechanisms and the role of CD147

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 7, 5]], 'date-time': '2024-07-05T00:14:54Z', 'timestamp': 1720138494277}, 'reference-count': 277, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 7, 4]], 'date-time': '2024-07-04T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1720051200000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 7, 4]], 'date-time': '2024-07-04T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1720051200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100003009', 'name': 'Science and Technology Development Fund', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': [ '46721', '46721', '46721', '46721', '46721', '46721', '46721', '46721', '46721', '46721']}, { 'name': 'The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with ' 'The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).'}, {'name': 'Zewail City of Science & Technology'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>T lymphocytes play a primary role in the adaptive ' 'antiviral immunity. Both lymphocytosis and lymphopenia were found to be associated with ' 'severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While lymphocytosis indicates ' 'an active anti-viral response, lymphopenia is a sign of poor prognosis. T-cells, in essence, ' 'rarely express ACE2 receptors, making the cause of cell depletion enigmatic. Moreover, ' 'emerging strains posed an immunological challenge, potentially alarming for the next ' 'pandemic. Herein, we review how possible indirect and direct key mechanisms could contribute ' 'to SARS-CoV-2-associated-lymphopenia. The fundamental mechanism is the inflammatory cytokine ' 'storm elicited by viral infection, which alters the host cell metabolism into a more acidic ' 'state. This “hyperlactic acidemia” together with the cytokine storm suppresses T-cell ' 'proliferation and triggers intrinsic/extrinsic apoptosis. SARS-CoV-2 infection also results ' 'in a shift from steady-state hematopoiesis to stress hematopoiesis. Even with low ACE2 ' 'expression, the presence of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts on activated T-cells may enhance ' 'viral entry and syncytia formation. Finally, direct viral infection of lymphocytes may ' 'indicate the participation of other receptors or auxiliary proteins on T-cells, that can work ' 'alone or in concert with other mechanisms. Therefore, we address the role of CD147―a novel ' 'route―for SARS-CoV-2 and its new variants. CD147 is not only expressed on T-cells, but it ' 'also interacts with other co-partners to orchestrate various biological processes. Given ' 'these features, CD147 is an appealing candidate for viral pathogenicity. Understanding the ' 'molecular and cellular mechanisms behind SARS-CoV-2-associated-lymphopenia will aid in the ' 'discovery of potential therapeutic targets to improve the resilience of our immune system ' 'against this rapidly evolving virus.</jats:p>\n' ' <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical Abstract</jats:bold></jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12964-024-01718-3', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2024, 7, 4]], 'date-time': '2024-07-04T09:08:54Z', 'timestamp': 1720084134000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'SARS-CoV-2-associated lymphopenia: possible mechanisms and the role of CD147', 'prefix': '10.1186', 'volume': '22', 'author': [ {'given': 'Shaimaa', 'family': 'Shouman', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Nada', 'family': 'El-Kholy', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Alaa E.', 'family': 'Hussien', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Azza M.', 'family': 'El-Derby', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Shireen', 'family': 'Magdy', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ahmed M.', 'family': 'Abou-Shanab', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ahmed O.', 'family': 'Elmehrath', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ahmad', 'family': 'Abdelwaly', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mohamed', 'family': 'Helal', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Nagwa', 'family': 'El-Badri', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 7, 4]]}, 'reference': [ { 'issue': '7', 'key': '1718_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '409', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41579-021-00573-0', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'WT Harvey', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Harvey WT, et al. 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