Comparative Docking Studies on Curcumin with COVID-19 Proteins

Suravajhala et al., MDPI AG, doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0439.v3

Jun 2020

Source PDF All Studies Meta AnalysisMeta

In Silico study reporting that ivermectin had the best affinity towards all targeted proteins and showed efficient binding to non-structural proteins.

57 preclinical studies support the efficacy of ivermectin for COVID-19:

20 In Vitro studies Boschi, Caly, Croci, De Forni, Delandre, Jeffreys, Jitobaom, Jitobaom (B), Li, Liu, Liu (B), Mody, Mountain Valley MD, Munson, Saha (B), Segatori, Surnar, Yesilbag, Zhang, Zheng

13 In Vivo animal studies Abd-Elmawla, Albariqi, Arévalo, Chaccour, de Melo, Errecalde, Ma, Madrid, Mountain Valley MD, Uematsu, Yan, Zhang, Zheng

Ivermectin, better known for antiparasitic activity, is a broad spectrum antiviral with activity against many viruses including H7N7 Götz, Dengue Tay, Wagstaff, HIV-1 Wagstaff, Simian virus 40 Wagstaff (B), Zika Barrows, Yang, West Nile Yang, Yellow Fever Mastrangelo, Varghese, Japanese encephalitis Mastrangelo, Chikungunya Varghese, Semliki Forest virus Varghese, Human papillomavirus Li, Epstein-Barr Li, BK Polyomavirus Bennett, and Sindbis virus Varghese.

Ivermectin is an inhibitor of importin-α/β-dependent nuclear import of viral proteins Götz, Kosyna, Wagstaff, Wagstaff (B), a SARS-CoV-2 3CL^pro inhibitor Mody, binds to glycan sites on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein preventing interaction with blood and epithelial cells and inhibiting hemagglutination Boschi, exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of lung injury Abd-Elmawla, Ma, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 induced formation of fibrin clots resistant to degradation Vottero, shows protection against inflammation, cytokine storm, and mortality in an LPS mouse model of severe infection/inflammation that shares key pathological features of severe COVID-19 DiNicolantonio, Zhang, may be beneficial in severe COVID-19 by binding IGF1 to inhibit the promotion of inflammation, fibrosis, and cell proliferation that leads to lung damage Zhao, may minimize SARS-CoV-2 induced cardiac damage Liu, Liu (B), has immunomodulatory Munson and anti-inflammatory DiNicolantonio (B), Yan properties, and has an extensive and very positive safety profile Descotes.

Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.

This study includes ivermectin and curcumin.

1. Abd-Elmawla et al., Suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome by ivermectin ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, doi:10.1631/jzus.B2200385.springer.com, doi.org.

2. Albariqi et al., Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Inhaled Ivermectin in Mice as a Potential COVID-19 Treatment, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121688.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

3. Alvarado et al., Interaction of the New Inhibitor Paxlovid (PF-07321332) and Ivermectin With the Monomer of the Main Protease SARS-CoV-2: A Volumetric Study Based on Molecular Dynamics, Elastic Networks, Classical Thermodynamics and SPT, Computational Biology and Chemistry, doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107692.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

4. Aminpour et al., In Silico Analysis of the Multi-Targeted Mode of Action of Ivermectin and Related Compounds, Computation, doi:10.3390/computation10040051.mdpi.com, doi.org.

5. Arévalo et al., Ivermectin reduces in vivo coronavirus infection in a mouse experimental model, Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86679-0.nature.com, doi.org.

6. Barrows et al., A Screen of FDA-Approved Drugs for Inhibitors of Zika Virus Infection, Cell Host & Microbe, doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.07.004.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

7. Bello et al., Elucidation of the inhibitory activity of ivermectin with host nuclear importin α and several SARS-CoV-2 targets, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, doi:10.1080/07391102.2021.1911857.tandfonline.com, doi.org.

8. Bennett et al., Role of a nuclear localization signal on the minor capsid Proteins VP2 and VP3 in BKPyV nuclear entry, Virology, doi:10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.013.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

9. Boschi et al., SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induces Hemagglutination: Implications for COVID-19 Morbidities and Therapeutics and for Vaccine Adverse Effects, bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.11.24.517882.biorxiv.org, doi.org.

10. Caly et al., The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, Antiviral Research, doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

11. Chaccour et al., Nebulized ivermectin for COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases, a proof of concept, dose-ranging study in rats, Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74084-y.nature.com, doi.org.

12. Chellasamy et al., Docking and molecular dynamics studies of human ezrin protein with a modelled SARS-CoV-2 endodomain and their interaction with potential invasion inhibitors, Journal of King Saud University - Science, doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102277.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

13. Choudhury et al., Exploring the binding efficacy of ivermectin against the key proteins of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis: an in silico approach, Future Medicine, doi:10.2217/fvl-2020-0342.futuremedicine.com, doi.org.

14. Croci et al., Liposomal Systems as Nanocarriers for the Antiviral Agent Ivermectin, International Journal of Biomaterials, doi:10.1155/2016/8043983.hindawi.com, doi.org.

15. De Forni et al., Synergistic drug combinations designed to fully suppress SARS-CoV-2 in the lung of COVID-19 patients, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276751.plos.org, doi.org.

16. de Melo et al., Attenuation of clinical and immunological outcomes during SARS-CoV-2 infection by ivermectin, EMBO Mol. Med., doi:10.15252/emmm.202114122.embopress.org, doi.org.

17. Delandre et al., Antiviral Activity of Repurposing Ivermectin against a Panel of 30 Clinical SARS-CoV-2 Strains Belonging to 14 Variants, Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph15040445.mdpi.com, doi.org.

18. Descotes, J., Medical Safety of Ivermectin, ImmunoSafe Consultance, www.medincell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Clinical_Safety_of_Ivermectin-March_2021.pdf.medincell.com.

19. DiNicolantonio et al., Ivermectin may be a clinically useful anti-inflammatory agent for late-stage COVID-19, Open Heart, doi:10.1136/openhrt-2020-001350.bmj.com, doi.org.

20. DiNicolantonio (B) et al., Anti-inflammatory activity of ivermectin in late-stage COVID-19 may reflect activation of systemic glycine receptors, Open Heart, doi:10.1136/openhrt-2021-001655.bmj.com, doi.org.

21. Errecalde et al., Safety and Pharmacokinetic Assessments of a Novel Ivermectin Nasal Spray Formulation in a Pig Model, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2021.01.017.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

22. Eweas et al., Molecular Docking Reveals Ivermectin and Remdesivir as Potential Repurposed Drugs Against SARS-CoV-2, Frontiers in Microbiology, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.592908.frontiersin.org, doi.org.

23. Francés-Monerris et al., Microscopic interactions between ivermectin and key human and viral proteins involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, doi:10.1039/D1CP02967C.rsc.org, doi.org.

24. Francés-Monerris (B) et al., Has Ivermectin Virus-Directed Effects against SARS-CoV-2? Rationalizing the Action of a Potential Multitarget Antiviral Agent, ChemRxiv, doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12782258.v1.chemrxiv.org, doi.org.

25. González-Paz et al., Comparative study of the interaction of ivermectin with proteins of interest associated with SARS-CoV-2: A computational and biophysical approach, Biophysical Chemistry, doi:10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106677.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

26. González-Paz (B) et al., Structural Deformability Induced in Proteins of Potential Interest Associated with COVID-19 by binding of Homologues present in Ivermectin: Comparative Study Based in Elastic Networks Models, Journal of Molecular Liquids, doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117284.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

27. Götz et al., Influenza A viruses escape from MxA restriction at the expense of efficient nuclear vRNP import, Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/srep23138.nature.com, doi.org.

28. Jeffreys et al., Remdesivir-ivermectin combination displays synergistic interaction with improved in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106542.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

29. Jitobaom et al., Synergistic anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of repurposed anti-parasitic drug combinations, BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, doi:10.1186/s40360-022-00580-8.biomedcentral.com, doi.org.

30. Jitobaom (B) et al., Favipiravir and Ivermectin Showed in Vitro Synergistic Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2, Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-941811/v1.researchsquare.com, doi.org.

31. Kern et al., Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 Treatment Effects for Informed Drug Repurposing, Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.625678.frontiersin.org, doi.org.

32. Kosyna et al., The importin α/β-specific inhibitor Ivermectin affects HIF-dependent hypoxia response pathways, Biological Chemistry, doi:10.1515/hsz-2015-0171.degruyter.com, doi.org.

33. Lehrer et al., Ivermectin Docks to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-binding Domain Attached to ACE2, In Vivo, 34:5, 3023-3026, doi:10.21873/invivo.12134.iiarjournals.org, doi.org.

34. Li et al., Quantitative proteomics reveals a broad-spectrum antiviral property of ivermectin, benefiting for COVID-19 treatment, J. Cellular Physiology, doi:10.1002/jcp.30055.wiley.com, doi.org.

35. Liu et al., SARS-CoV-2 viral genes Nsp6, Nsp8, and M compromise cellular ATP levels to impair survival and function of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, Stem Cell Research & Therapy, doi:10.1186/s13287-023-03485-3.biomedcentral.com, doi.org.

36. Liu (B) et al., Genome-wide analyses reveal the detrimental impacts of SARS-CoV-2 viral gene Orf9c on human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, Stem Cell Reports, doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.01.014.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

37. Ma et al., Ivermectin contributes to attenuating the severity of acute lung injury in mice, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113706.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

38. Madrid et al., Safety of oral administration of high doses of ivermectin by means of biocompatible polyelectrolytes formulation, Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05820.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

39. Mastrangelo et al., Ivermectin is a potent inhibitor of flavivirus replication specifically targeting NS3 helicase activity: new prospects for an old drug, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dks147.oup.com, doi.org.

40. Mody et al., Identification of 3-chymotrypsin like protease (3CLPro) inhibitors as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents, Communications Biology, doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01577-x.nature.com, doi.org.

41. Mountain Valley MD, Mountain Valley MD Receives Successful Results From BSL-4 COVID-19 Clearance Trial on Three Variants Tested With Ivectosol™, www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2021/05/18/2231755/0/en/Mountain-Valley-MD-Receives-Successful-Results-From-BSL-4-COVID-19-Clearance-Trial-on-Three-Variants-Tested-With-Ivectosol.html.globenewswire.com.

42. Munson et al., Niclosamide and ivermectin modulate caspase-1 activity and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in a monocytic cell line, British Society For Nanomedicine Early Career Researcher Summer Meeting, 2021, web.archive.org/web/20230401070026/https://michealmunson.github.io/COVID.pdf.archive.org.

43. Muthusamy et al., Virtual Screening Reveals Potential Anti-Parasitic Drugs Inhibiting the Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, Journal of Virology & Antiviral Research, www.scitechnol.com/abstract/virtual-screening-reveals-potential-antiparasitic-drugs-inhibiting-the-receptor-binding-domain-of-sarscov2-spike-protein-16398.html.scitechnol.com.

44. Parvez et al., Insights from a computational analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: Host–pathogen interaction, pathogenicity, and possible drug therapeutics, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease, doi:10.1002/iid3.639.wiley.com, doi.org.

45. Qureshi et al., Mechanistic insights into the inhibitory activity of FDA approved ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2: old drug with new implications, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, doi:10.1080/07391102.2021.1906750.tandfonline.com, doi.org.

46. Rana et al., A Computational Study of Ivermectin and Doxycycline Combination Drug Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-755838/v1.researchsquare.com, doi.org.

47. Saha et al., The Binding mechanism of ivermectin and levosalbutamol with spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, Structural Chemistry, doi:10.1007/s11224-021-01776-0.researchsquare.com, doi.org.

48. Saha (B) et al., Manipulation of Spray-Drying Conditions to Develop an Inhalable Ivermectin Dry Powder, Pharmaceutics, doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14071432.mdpi.com, doi.org.

49. Schöning et al., Highly-transmissible Variants of SARS-CoV-2 May Be More Susceptible to Drug Therapy Than Wild Type Strains, Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-379291/v1.researchsquare.com, doi.org.

50. Segatori et al., Effect of Ivermectin and Atorvastatin on Nuclear Localization of Importin Alpha and Drug Target Expression Profiling in Host Cells from Nasopharyngeal Swabs of SARS-CoV-2- Positive Patients, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v13102084.mdpi.com, doi.org.

51. Suravajhala et al., Comparative Docking Studies on Curcumin with COVID-19 Proteins, MDPI AG, doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0439.v3.preprints.org, doi.org.

52. Surnar et al., Clinically Approved Antiviral Drug in an Orally Administrable Nanoparticle for COVID-19, ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci., doi:10.1021/acsptsci.0c00179.acs.org, doi.org.

53. Swargiary, A., Ivermectin as a promising RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor and a therapeutic drug against SARS-CoV2: Evidence from in silico studies, Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-73308/v1.researchsquare.com, doi.org.

54. Tay et al., Nuclear localization of dengue virus (DENV) 1–4 non-structural protein 5; protection against all 4 DENV serotypes by the inhibitor Ivermectin, Antiviral Research, doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.002.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

55. Udofia et al., In silico studies of selected multi-drug targeting against 3CLpro and nsp12 RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, doi:10.1007/s13721-021-00299-2.springer.com, doi.org.

56. Uematsu et al., Prophylactic administration of ivermectin attenuates SARS-CoV-2 induced disease in a Syrian Hamster Model, The Journal of Antibiotics, doi:10.1038/s41429-023-00623-0.nature.com, doi.org.

57. Umar et al., Inhibitory potentials of ivermectin, nafamostat, and camostat on spike protein and some nonstructural proteins of SARS-CoV-2: Virtual screening approach, Jurnal Teknologi Laboratorium, doi:10.29238/teknolabjournal.v11i1.344.teknolabjournal.com, doi.org.

58. Varghese et al., Discovery of berberine, abamectin and ivermectin as antivirals against chikungunya and other alphaviruses, Antiviral Research, doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.12.012.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

59. Vottero et al., Computational Prediction of the Interaction of Ivermectin with Fibrinogen, Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms241411449.mdpi.com, doi.org.

60. Wagstaff et al., Ivermectin is a specific inhibitor of importin α/β-mediated nuclear import able to inhibit replication of HIV-1 and dengue virus, Biochemical Journal, doi:10.1042/BJ20120150.portlandpress.com, doi.org.

61. Wagstaff (B) et al., An AlphaScreen®-Based Assay for High-Throughput Screening for Specific Inhibitors of Nuclear Import, SLAS Discovery, doi:10.1177/1087057110390360.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

62. Yan et al., Anti-inflammatory effects of ivermectin in mouse model of allergic asthma, Inflammation Research, doi:10.1007/s00011-011-0307-8.springer.com, doi.org.

63. Yang et al., The broad spectrum antiviral ivermectin targets the host nuclear transport importin α/β1 heterodimer, Antiviral Research, doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104760.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

64. Yesilbag et al., Ivermectin also inhibits the replication of bovine respiratory viruses (BRSV, BPIV-3, BoHV-1, BCoV and BVDV) in vitro, Virus Research, doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198384.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

65. Zhang et al., Ivermectin inhibits LPS-induced production of inflammatory cytokines and improves LPS-induced survival in mice, Inflammation Research, doi:10.1007/s00011-008-8007-8.springer.com, doi.org.

66. Zhao et al., Identification of the shared gene signatures between pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension using bioinformatics analysis, Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197752.frontiersin.org, doi.org.

67. Zheng et al., Red blood cell-hitchhiking mediated pulmonary delivery of ivermectin: Effects of nanoparticle properties, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121719.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

Suravajhala et al., 7 Jun 2020, preprint, 8 authors.

Contact: giri@genomixbiotech.com (corresponding author), prash@bisr.res.in.

In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.

All Studies Meta Analysis Submit Updates or Corrections

This Paper Ivermectin All

Comparative Docking Studies on Curcumin with COVID-19 Proteins

Renuka Suravajhala, Abhinav Parashar, Babita Malik, Viswanathan Arun Nagaraj, Govindarajan Padmanaban, P B Kavi Kishor, Rathnagiri Polavarapu, Prashanth Suravajhala

doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0439.v3

Highlights 1. Our findings confirm the role of Q163 aminoacid site for potential tethered site or target which is in agreement with ivermectin, the best possible and known drug. 2. We have employed a rigorous strategy in screening the docking complexes from a majority of hypothetical genes or orphan open reading frames, structural and non-structural proteins. 3. We believe that the findings presented in our paper will appeal to researchers working on COVID-19, particularly those interested to characteristically screen docking complexes.

Author contributions: GP, PBK and RP ideated the project. RS and AP jointly analysed the structures and modelled the docking complexes. PS performeddid the protein interaction analyses. AP and RS wrote the first draft with PS, PBK, BM and RP. GP, PBK, PS, VAN and RP proofread the manuscript. Competing interests: None

References

Balasco, Esposito, De Simone, Vitagliano, Role of loops connecting secondary structure elements in the stabilization of proteins isolated from thermophilic organisms, Protein Sci, doi:10.1002/pro.2279

Bosch, Van Der Zee, De Haan, Rottier, The coronavirus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex, J. Virol, doi:10.1128/jvi.77.16.8801-8811.2003

Bouvet, Lugari, Posthuma, Coronavirus Nsp10, a critical co-factor for activation of multiple replicative enzymes, J Biol Chem, doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.577353

Chen, Biochemical and structural insights into the mechanisms of SARS coronavirus RNA ribose 2′-O-methylation by nsp16/nsp10 protein complex, PLOS Pathog, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002294

Chen, Liu, Guo, Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis, Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.25681

Delano, The PyMOL Molecular Graphics System; DeLano Scientific

Dende, Meena, Nagarajan, Nagaraj, Panda et al., Nanocurcumin is superior to native curcumin in preventing degenerative changes in Experimental Cerebral Malaria, Scientific reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10672-9

Dolati, Ahmadi, Aghebti-Maleki, Nanocurcumin is a potential novel therapy for multiple sclerosis by influencing inflammatory mediators, Pharmacol Rep, doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2018.05.008

Hesari, Ghasemi, Salarinia, Biglari, Tabar Molla Hassan et al., Effects of curcumin on NF-κB, AP-1, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in hepatitis B virus infection, Journal of cellular biochemistry, doi:10.1002/jcb.26829

Hilgenfeld, Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein RNA binding domain reveals potential unique drug targeting sites, Acta Pharm. Sin. B, doi:10.1111/febs.12936Kang

Hoffmann, Kleine-Weber, Schroeder, Krüger, Herrler et al., SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor, Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052

Kang, Yang, Hong, Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein RNA binding domain reveals potential unique drug targeting sites

Mcbride, Van Zyl, Fielding, The coronavirus nucleocapsid is a multifunctional protein, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v6082991

Morris, AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: automated docking with selective receptor flexibility, J. Comput. Chem, doi:10.1002/jcc.21256

N M O'boyle, Banck, James, Morley, Vandermeersch et al., Open Babel: An open chemical toolbox, J. Cheminf, doi:10.1186/1758-2946-3-33

Nelson, Dahlin, Bisson, Graham, Pauli et al., The essential medicinal chemistry of curcumin: miniperspective, Journal of medicinal chemistry, doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00975

Padmanaban, Nagaraj, Curcumin from turmeric as an adjunct drug?, Chem, doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-64057-4.00006-5

Padmanaban, Nagaraj, Curcumin may defy medicinal chemists, ACS Med. Chem. Lett, doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00051

Pettersen, Goddard, Huang, Couch, Greenblatt et al., UCSF Chimera -A Visualization System for Exploratory Research and Analysis, J. Comput. Chem

Prasad, Tyagi, Aggarwal, Recent developments in delivery, bioavailability, absorption and metabolism of curcumin: the golden pigment from golden spice, Cancer Res. Treat. Off. J. Korean Cancer Assoc, doi:10.4143/crt.2014.46.1.2

Rossi, Sanga, Barton, Potential harmful effects of discontinuing ACE-inhibitors and ARBs in COVID-19 patients, Elife, doi:10.7554/eLife.57278

Sampangi-Ramaiah, Vishwakarma, Shaanker, Molecular docking analysis of selected natural products from plants for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease, Current Science

Soleimani, Sahebkar, Hosseinzadeh, Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its major constituent (Curcumin) as nontoxic and safe substances: Review, Phytother. Res, doi:10.1002/ptr.6054

Su, Lou, Sun, Zhai, Yang et al., Dodecamer structure of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural protein nsp10, Journal of Virology, doi:10.1128/JVI.00483-06

Vathsala, Dende, Nagaraj, Bhattacharya, Das et al., Curcuminarteether combination therapy of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice prevents recrudescence through immunomodulation, PLoS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029442

Walls, Park, Tortorici, Wall, Mcguire et al., Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058

Walls, Tortorici, Snijder, Xiong, Bosch et al., Tectonic conformational changes of a coronavirus spike glycoprotein promote membrane fusion, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi:10.1073/pnas.1708727114

Xia, Ye, Shi, Zhou, Hua, Curcumin improves diabetes mellitus-associated cerebral infarction by increasing the expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3, Molecular medicine reports, doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.8085

Yang, Lee, Si, Lee, You et al., Curcumin shows antiviral properties against norovirus, Molecules, doi:10.3390/molecules21101401

Zhou, Liu, Wang, Liu, Li et al., The nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus inhibits cell cytokinesis and proliferation by interacting with translation elongation factor 1alpha, Journal of Virology, doi:10.1128/JVI.00133-08

Download Image

Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and treatments are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.

Submit

@CovidAnalysis

FAQ

Public domain CC0 1.0