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SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induces Hemagglutination: Implications for COVID-19 Morbidities and Therapeutics and for Vaccine Adverse Effects

Boschi et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.11.24.517882
Nov 2022  
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Ivermectin for COVID-19
4th treatment shown to reduce risk in August 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 105 studies, recognized in 23 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 110 treatments. c19ivm.org
In Vitro study showing that ivermectin blocked hemagglutination (clumping of red blood cells) when added to red blood cells prior to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and reversed hemagglutination when added afterwards.
Spike protein from four lineages of SARS-CoV-2 induced hemagglutination in human red blood cells, with omicron inducing hemagglutination at a significantly lower concentration. Authors note that the results supports other indications that spike protein-induced red blood cell clumping, as well as viral attachments to other blood cells and endothelial cells, may be a significant factor in COVID-19 morbidities.
70 preclinical studies support the efficacy of ivermectin for COVID-19:
Ivermectin, better known for antiparasitic activity, is a broad spectrum antiviral with activity against many viruses including H7N768, Dengue34,69,70, HIV-170, Simian virus 4071, Zika34,72,73, West Nile73, Yellow Fever74,75, Japanese encephalitis74, Chikungunya75, Semliki Forest virus75, Human papillomavirus54, Epstein-Barr54, BK Polyomavirus76, and Sindbis virus75.
Ivermectin inhibits importin-α/β-dependent nuclear import of viral proteins68,70,71,77, shows spike-ACE2 disruption at 1nM with microfluidic diffusional sizing35, binds to glycan sites on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein preventing interaction with blood and epithelial cells and inhibiting hemagglutination38,78, shows dose-dependent inhibition of wildtype and omicron variants33, exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of lung injury58,63, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 via IMPase inhibition34, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 induced formation of fibrin clots resistant to degradation7, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro51, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RdRp activity26, may minimize viral myocarditis by inhibiting NF-κB/p65-mediated inflammation in macrophages57, may be beneficial for COVID-19 ARDS by blocking GSDMD and NET formation79, may interfere with SARS-CoV-2's immune evasion via ORF8 binding2, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 by disrupting CD147 interaction80-83, shows protection against inflammation, cytokine storm, and mortality in an LPS mouse model sharing key pathological features of severe COVID-1956,84, may be beneficial in severe COVID-19 by binding IGF1 to inhibit the promotion of inflammation, fibrosis, and cell proliferation that leads to lung damage6, may minimize SARS-CoV-2 induced cardiac damage37,45, increases Bifidobacteria which play a key role in the immune system85, has immunomodulatory48 and anti-inflammatory67,86 properties, and has an extensive and very positive safety profile87.
Boschi et al., 28 Nov 2022, France, preprint, 8 authors. Contact: dscheim@alum.mit.edu (corresponding author), bernard.la-scola@univamu.fr.
In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
This PaperIvermectinAll
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induces Hemagglutination: Implications for COVID-19 Morbidities and Therapeutics and for Vaccine Adverse Effects
Celine Boschi, David E Scheim, Audrey Bancod, Muriel Millitello, Marion Le Bideau, Philippe Colson, Jacques Fantini, Bernard La Scola
doi:10.1101/2022.11.24.517882
Experimental findings for SARS-CoV-2 related to the glycan biochemistry of coronaviruses indicate that attachments from spike protein to glycoconjugates on the surfaces of red blood cells (RBCs), other blood cells and endothelial cells are key to the infectivity and morbidity of COVID-19. To provide further insight into these glycan attachments and their potential clinical relevance, the classic hemagglutination (HA) assay was applied using spike protein from the Wuhan, Alpha, Delta and Omicron B.1.1.529 lineages of SARS-CoV-2 mixed with human RBCs. The electrostatic potential of the central region of spike protein from these four lineages was studied through molecular modeling simulations. Inhibition of spike protein-induced HA was tested using the macrocyclic lactone ivermectin (IVM), which is indicated to bind strongly to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein glycan sites. The results of these experiments were, first, that spike protein from these four lineages of SARS-CoV-2 induced HA. Omicron induced HA at a significantly lower threshold concentration of spike protein than for the three prior lineages and was much more electropositive on its central spike protein region. IVM blocked HA when added to RBCs prior to spike protein and reversed HA when added afterwards. These results validate and extend prior findings on the role of glycan bindings of viral spike protein in COVID-19. They furthermore suggest therapeutic options using competitive glycan-binding agents such as IVM and may help elucidate rare serious adverse effects (AEs) associated with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines which use spike protein as the generated antigen.
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[], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 28]]}, 'references-count': 80, 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.24.517882', 'relation': {}, 'published': {'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 28]]}, 'subtype': 'preprint'}
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