Ivermectin Docks to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-binding Domain Attached to ACE2
Lehrer et al.,
Ivermectin Docks to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-binding Domain Attached to ACE2,
In Vivo, 34:5, 3023-3026, doi:10.21873/invivo.12134
In silico analysis showing ivermectin may interfere with the attachment of the spike to the human cell membrane.
Lehrer et al., 19 Jun 2020, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.
In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
Abstract: HHS Public Access
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Int J Funct Nutr. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2021 July 30.
Published in final edited form as:
Int J Funct Nutr. 2021 ; 2(1): . doi:10.3892/ijfn.2021.14.
Common drugs, vitamins, nutritional supplements and COVID-19
mortality
STEVEN LEHRER1, PETER H. RHEINSTEIN2
1Department
of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
10029;
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2Severn
Health Solutions, Severna Park, MD 21146, USA
Abstract
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The FDA has approved only one drug, remdesivir, for the treatment of COVID-19. The FDA has
granted an emergency use authorization for the rheumatoid arthritis treatment drug, baricitinib
(Olumiant), for the treatment of COVID-19 in some cases. For this reason, investigators have paid
considerable attention to the association between commonly used drugs and the outcome of
patients with COVID-19. Aspirin and ibuprofen have been reported to reduce the mortality rate.
Omeprazole can increase mortality. In addition, some studies have demonstrated that famotidine
diminishes mortality, while others have indicated that famotidine leads to a poorer prognosis. The
present study used UK Biobank (UKB) data to assess the association of commonly used drugs
with COVID-19 mortality. Data processing was performed on Minerva, a Linux mainframe with
Centos 7.6. The UK Biobank Data Parser (ukbb_parser) was used, a python-based package that
allows easy interfacing with the large UK Biobank dataset. The results revealed that aspirin and
omeprazole were associated with an elevated mortality rate. Ibuprofen-related mortality was lower
than laxative-related mortality. Aspirin users were also significantly older than other subjects. The
association with mortality of cholesterol-lowering medications, blood pressure-lowering
medications, hormone replacement and oral contraceptives in 134 female subjects revealed
insignificant variability. The association of nutritional supplements in 238 subjects with mortality
indicated that variability was insignificant. The lower mortality linked to the supplementation of
vitamin D and vitamin B, presumably B complex, has been previously observed. On the whole, the
present study demonstrates that although some of the associations described among drugs and
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
License.
Correspondence to: Dr Steven Lehrer, Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L.
Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA, steven.lehrer@mssm.edu.
Authors’ contributions
SL and PHR contributed equally to the conception, writing and data analysis of the present study.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article or are held by UK Biobank.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All patient data were from the UK Biobank. The UK Biobank application for the present study was approved as UKB project 57245,
SL and PHR.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
LEHRER and RHEINSTEIN
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Author Manuscript
COVID-19 are not novel, the utility of a new source, UKB, may prove to be useful in further
examining these associations.
Keywords
drugs; COVID-19; mortality
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