Ivermectin as a possible treatment for COVID-19: a review of the 2022 protocols

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 7, 31]], 'date-time': '2024-07-31T18:35:45Z', 'timestamp': 1722450945579}, 'reference-count': 44, 'publisher': 'FapUNIFESP (SciELO)', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 1, 1]], 'date-time': '2024-01-01T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1704067200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 1, 1]], 'date-time': '2024-01-01T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1704067200000}, 'content-version': 'am', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 1, 1]], 'date-time': '2024-01-01T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1704067200000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>Abstract Ivermectin is a safe and effective drug in humans and has been approved for ' 'use in numerous parasitic infections for over 50 years. In addition, many studies have ' 'already shown its antiviral activity. Ivermectin is generally well tolerated, with no ' 'indication of central nervous system-associated toxicity at doses up to 10 times the highest ' 'FDA-approved dose of 200 µg/kg. The in vitro results of ivermectin for reducing SARS-CoV-2 ' 'viral load are promising and show that Ivermectin kills SARS-CoV-2 within 48 hours. A ' 'hypothesized mechanism of action for this drug is a likely inhibition of IMPα/β1-mediated ' 'nuclear import of viral proteins as demonstrated for other RNA viruses. However, controlled ' 'and randomized studies are needed to prove its effectiveness in COVID-19 in humans. In a ' 'single in vivo study with published results, patients confirmed to be infected with ' 'SARS-CoV-2 received at least one dose of ivermectin at any time during hospitalization. The ' 'use of ivermectin was associated with lower mortality during treatment with COVID-19, ' 'especially in patients who required increased inspired oxygen or ventilatory support. ' 'Additionally, 81 studies with the clinical use of ivermectin in humans are being carried out ' 'worldwide according to ClinicalTrials.gov. However, none of these data has been published so ' 'far. However, private and public entities in Brazil have been adopting this drug in their ' 'protocols as prophylaxis and in the initial phase of the disease. In addition, ivermectin has ' 'been used in mass treatment to prevent onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis in sub-Saharan ' 'Africa for many years. Surprisingly, this region has the lowest proportional mortality rate ' 'among the continents, despite the increasing numbers of infected people released by the World ' 'Health Organization.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.1590/1519-6984.258325', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2022, 5, 13]], 'date-time': '2022-05-13T12:33:35Z', 'timestamp': 1652445215000}, 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 3, 'title': 'Ivermectin as a possible treatment for COVID-19: a review of the 2022 protocols', 'prefix': '10.1590', 'volume': '84', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5024-0542', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'L. L. M.', 'family': 'Marques', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Brasil'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7888-5820', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'S. C.', 'family': 'Beneti', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Brasil'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5719-5633', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'C.', 'family': 'Pinzon', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Brasil'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0432-9191', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'F. A. 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J. Biol.', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2024]]}}