Review of the Emerging Evidence Demonstrating the Efficacy of Ivermectin in the Prophylaxis and Treatment of COVID-19

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 3]], 'date-time': '2024-05-03T18:40:09Z', 'timestamp': 1714761609574}, 'reference-count': 67, 'publisher': 'Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)', 'issue': '3', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 4, 22]], 'date-time': '2021-04-22T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1619049600000}, 'content-version': 'unspecified', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Background:</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>After COVID-19 emerged on U.S shores, providers began reviewing the ' 'emerging basic science, translational, and clinical data to identify potentially effective ' 'treatment options. In addition, a multitude of both novel and repurposed therapeutic agents ' 'were used empirically and studied within clinical trials.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Areas of Uncertainty:</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>The majority of trialed agents have failed to provide reproducible, ' 'definitive proof of efficacy in reducing the mortality of COVID-19 with the exception of ' 'corticosteroids in moderate to severe disease. Recently, evidence has emerged that the oral ' 'antiparasitic agent ivermectin exhibits numerous antiviral and anti-inflammatory mechanisms ' 'with trial results reporting significant outcome benefits. Given some have not passed peer ' 'review, several expert groups including Unitaid/World Health Organization have undertaken a ' 'systematic global effort to contact all active trial investigators to rapidly gather the data ' 'needed to grade and perform meta-analyses.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Data Sources:</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Data were sourced from published peer-reviewed studies, manuscripts ' 'posted to preprint servers, expert meta-analyses, and numerous epidemiological analyses of ' 'regions with ivermectin distribution campaigns.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Therapeutic Advances:</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>A large majority of randomized and observational controlled trials of ' 'ivermectin are reporting repeated, large magnitude improvements in clinical outcomes. ' 'Numerous prophylaxis trials demonstrate that regular ivermectin use leads to large reductions ' 'in transmission. Multiple, large “natural experiments” occurred in regions that initiated ' '“ivermectin distribution” campaigns followed by tight, reproducible, temporally associated ' 'decreases in case counts and case fatality rates compared with nearby regions without such ' 'campaigns.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusions:</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Meta-analyses based on 18 randomized controlled treatment trials of ' 'ivermectin in COVID-19 have found large, statistically significant reductions in mortality, ' 'time to clinical recovery, and time to viral clearance. Furthermore, results from numerous ' 'controlled prophylaxis trials report significantly reduced risks of contracting COVID-19 with ' 'the regular use of ivermectin. Finally, the many examples of ivermectin distribution ' 'campaigns leading to rapid population-wide decreases in morbidity and mortality indicate that ' 'an oral agent effective in all phases of COVID-19 has been identified.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1097/mjt.0000000000001377', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2021, 5, 5]], 'date-time': '2021-05-05T12:33:02Z', 'timestamp': 1620217982000}, 'page': 'e299-e318', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 100, 'title': 'Review of the Emerging Evidence Demonstrating the Efficacy of Ivermectin in the Prophylaxis and ' 'Treatment of COVID-19', 'prefix': '10.1097', 'volume': '28', 'author': [ { 'given': 'Pierre', 'family': 'Kory', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Front-Line Covid-19 Critical Care Alliance, Madison, WI;'}]}, { 'given': 'Gianfranco Umberto', 'family': 'Meduri', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Memphis VA Medical Center—University of Tennessee Health Science ' 'Center, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Research Services, ' 'Memphis, TN;'}]}, { 'given': 'Joseph', 'family': 'Varon', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'University of Texas Health Science Center, Critical Care ' 'Service, Houston, TX;'}]}, { 'given': 'Jose', 'family': 'Iglesias', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, Hackensack School of Medicine, Seton ' 'Hall, NJ; and'}]}, { 'given': 'Paul E.', 'family': 'Marik', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Eastern Virginia Medical School, Division of Pulmonary and ' 'Critical Care, Norfolk, VA.'}]}], 'member': '276', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2021, 5]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'R1-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '32', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6820', 'article-title': 'Effect of tocilizumab vs usual care in adults hospitalized with ' 'COVID-19 and moderate or severe pneumonia: a randomized clinical trial', 'volume': '181', 'author': 'Hermine', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Intern Med.'}, { 'key': 'R2-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '24', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6615', 'article-title': 'Effect of tocilizumab vs standard care on clinical worsening in ' 'patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia: a randomized clinical ' 'trial', 'volume': '181', 'author': 'Salvarani', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Intern Med.'}, { 'key': 'R3-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'm3939', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmj.m3939', 'article-title': 'Convalescent plasma in the management of moderate covid-19 in adults in ' 'India: open label phase II multicentre randomised controlled trial ' '(PLACID Trial)', 'volume': '371', 'author': 'Agarwal', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'BMJ'}, { 'key': 'R4-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '497', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2023184', 'article-title': 'Repurposed antiviral drugs for covid-19— interim WHO solidarity trial ' 'results', 'volume': '384', 'author': 'Consortium', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'New Engl J Med.'}, { 'key': 'R6-20230917', 'first-page': '693', 'article-title': 'Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19-preliminary report', 'volume': '384', 'author': 'Horby', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'New Engl J Med.'}, { 'key': 'R7-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '13', 'DOI': '10.2183/pjab.87.13', 'article-title': 'Ivermectin,‘wonder drug’from Japan: the human use perspective', 'volume': '87', 'author': 'Crump', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'Proc Jpn Acad Ser B'}, { 'key': 'R8-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '58', 'DOI': '10.1186/s40249-015-0091-8', 'article-title': 'Nobel prize for the artemisinin and ivermectin discoveries: a great ' 'boost towards elimination of the global infectious diseases of poverty', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'Tambo', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Infect Dis Poverty'}, { 'key': 'R9-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '358', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-017-18742-8', 'article-title': 'Recognition by host nuclear transport proteins drives disorder-to-order ' 'transition in Hendra virus V', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Atkinson', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Sci Rep.'}, { 'key': 'R10-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '104760', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104760', 'article-title': 'The broad spectrum antiviral ivermectin targets the host nuclear ' 'transport importin α/β1 heterodimer', 'volume': '177', 'author': 'Yang', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'}, { 'key': 'R11-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '23138', 'DOI': '10.1038/srep23138', 'article-title': 'Influenza A viruses escape from MxA restriction at the expense of ' 'efficient nuclear vRNP import', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'Götz', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Sci Rep.'}, { 'key': 'R12-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '55', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.010', 'article-title': 'Ivermectin inhibits DNA polymerase UL42 of pseudorabies virus entrance ' 'into the nucleus and proliferation of the virus in vitro and vivo', 'volume': '159', 'author': 'Lv', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'}, { 'key': 'R13-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1884', 'DOI': '10.1093/jac/dks147', 'article-title': 'Ivermectin is a potent inhibitor of flavivirus replication specifically ' 'targeting NS3 helicase activity: new prospects for an old drug', 'volume': '67', 'author': 'Mastrangelo', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'J Antimicrob Chemother.'}, { 'key': 'R14-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '301', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.002', 'article-title': 'Nuclear localization of dengue virus (DENV) 1–4 non-structural protein ' '5; protection against all 4 DENV serotypes by the inhibitor Ivermectin', 'volume': '99', 'author': 'Tay', 'year': '2013', 'journal-title': 'Antiviral Res.'}, { 'key': 'R15-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '117', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.12.012', 'article-title': 'Discovery of berberine, abamectin and ivermectin as antivirals against ' 'chikungunya and other alphaviruses', 'volume': '126', 'author': 'Varghese', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'}, { 'key': 'R16-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '851', 'DOI': '10.1042/BJ20120150', 'article-title': 'Ivermectin is a specific inhibitor of importin α/β-mediated nuclear ' 'import able to inhibit replication of HIV-1 and dengue virus', 'volume': '443', 'author': 'Wagstaff Kylie', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'Biochem J.'}, { 'key': 'R17-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '94', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.00710-20', 'article-title': 'Inhibition of human adenovirus replication by the importin α/β1 nuclear ' 'import inhibitor ivermectin', 'volume': '94', 'author': 'King', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Virol.'}, { 'key': 'R18-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '104787', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787', 'article-title': 'The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 ' 'in vitro', 'volume': '178', 'author': 'Caly', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'}, { 'key': 'R19-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '104805', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104805', 'article-title': 'Ivermectin and COVID-19: a report in Antiviral Research, widespread ' "interest, an FDA warning, two letters to the editor and the authors' " 'responses', 'volume': '178', 'author': 'Bray', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Antiviral Res.'}, { 'key': 'R20-20230917', 'first-page': '214', 'article-title': 'The approved dose of ivermectin alone is not the ideal dose for the ' 'treatment of COVID‐19', 'volume': '103', 'author': 'Schmith', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Clin Pharmacol Ther.'}, { 'key': 'R21-20230917', 'article-title': 'Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) deactivation via spike glycoprotein shielding ' 'by old drugs, bioinformatic study', 'author': 'Dayer', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Preprints'}, { 'key': 'R22-20230917', 'article-title': 'A combination of ivermectin and doxycycline possibly blocks the viral ' 'entry and modulate the innate immune response in COVID-19 patients', 'author': 'Maurya', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'ChemRxiv'}, { 'key': 'R23-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '56', 'DOI': '10.1007/s13721-020-00263-6', 'article-title': 'Molecular docking suggests repurposing of brincidofovir as a potential ' 'drug targeting SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 receptor and main protease', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Hussien', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Netw Model Anal Health Inform Bioinform'}, { 'key': 'R26-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '3023', 'DOI': '10.21873/invivo.12134', 'article-title': 'Ivermectin docks to the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain ' 'attached to ACE2', 'volume': '34', 'author': 'Lehrer', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Vivo'}, { 'key': 'R28-20230917', 'article-title': 'Nsp7 and spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 are envisaged as potential ' 'targets of vitamin D and ivermectin', 'author': 'Dasgupta', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Preprints'}, { 'key': 'R29-20230917', 'first-page': '1', 'article-title': 'Binding mechanism and structural insights into the identified protein ' 'target of COVID-19 and importin-alpha with in-vitro effective drug ' 'ivermectin', 'author': 'Sen Gupta', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Biomol Struct Dyn.'}, { 'key': 'R31-20230917', 'article-title': 'Ivermectin reduces coronavirus infection in vivo: a mouse experimental ' 'model', 'author': 'Arevalo', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'bioRxiv'}, { 'key': 'R32-20230917', 'article-title': 'Anti-COVID-19 efficacy of ivermectin in the golden hamster', 'author': 'de Melo', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'bioRxiv'}, { 'key': 'R33-20230917', 'article-title': 'SARS-CoV-2 virus culture from the upper respiratory tract: correlation ' 'with viral load, subgenomic viral RNA and duration of illness', 'author': 'Perera', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'MedRXiv'}, { 'key': 'R34-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2128', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41379-020-0603-3', 'article-title': 'A systematic review of pathological findings in COVID-19: a ' 'pathophysiological timeline and possible mechanisms of disease ' 'progression', 'volume': '33', 'author': 'Polak', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Mod Pathol.'}, { 'key': 'R35-20230917', 'article-title': 'Viral dynamics and immune correlates of COVID-19 disease severity', 'author': 'Young', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Clin Infect Dis.'}, { 'key': 'R36-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '88', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.micinf.2012.10.008', 'article-title': 'Extraordinary GU-rich single-strand RNA identified from SARS ' 'coronavirus contributes an excessive innate immune response', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'Li', 'year': '2013', 'journal-title': 'Microbes Infect.'}, { 'key': 'R37-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '354', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.intimp.2008.12.016', 'article-title': 'Inhibitory effects of ivermectin on nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 ' 'production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Zhang', 'year': '2009', 'journal-title': 'Int Immunopharmacol'}, { 'key': 'R38-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '449', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00684.x', 'article-title': 'Avermectin exerts anti-inflammatory effect by downregulating the ' 'nuclear transcription factor kappa-B and mitogen-activated protein ' 'kinase activation pathway', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'Ci', 'year': '2009', 'journal-title': 'Fundam Clin Pharmacol.'}, { 'key': 'R39-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '524', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00011-008-8007-8', 'article-title': 'Ivermectin inhibits LPS-induced production of inflammatory cytokines ' 'and improves LPS-induced survival in mice', 'volume': '57', 'author': 'Zhang', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'Inflamm Res.'}, { 'key': 'R41-20230917', 'article-title': 'Role of ivermectin in the prevention of COVID-19 infection among ' 'healthcare workers in India: a matched case-control study', 'author': 'Behera', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'medRxiv'}, { 'key': 'R42-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '106248', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106248', 'article-title': 'A COVID-19 Prophylaxis? Lower incidence associated with prophylactic ' 'administration of Ivermectin', 'volume': '57', 'author': 'Hellwig', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Int J Antimicrob Agents'}, { 'key': 'R46-20230917', 'first-page': 'NCT04701710', 'article-title': 'Covid-19 in healthcare agents by intensive treatment with ivermectin ' 'and iota-carrageenan (Ivercar-Tuc)', 'author': 'Prophylaxis', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'ClinicalTrials.gov'}, { 'key': 'R47-20230917', 'first-page': '1', 'article-title': 'Ivermectin as pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID 19 among healthcare ' 'providers in a selected tertiary hospital in Dhaka an observational ' 'study', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Alam', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Eur J Med Health Sci.'}, { 'key': 'R50-20230917', 'article-title': 'Safety and Efficacy of the combined use of ivermectin, dexamethasone, ' 'enoxaparin and aspirin against COVID-19', 'author': 'Carvallo', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'medRxiv'}, { 'key': 'R51-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '828', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.arbres.2020.08.007', 'article-title': 'Ivermectin treatment may improve the prognosis of patients with ' 'COVID-19', 'volume': '56', 'author': 'Khan', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Archivos de Bronconeumología'}, { 'key': 'R52-20230917', 'article-title': 'Effectiveness of ivermectin as add-on therapy in COVID-19 management ' '(pilot trial)', 'author': 'Gorial', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'medRxiv'}, { 'key': 'R53-20230917', 'article-title': 'Controlled randomized clinical trial on using Ivermectin with ' 'Doxycycline for treating COVID-19 patients in Baghdad, Iraq', 'author': 'Hashim', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'medRxiv'}, { 'key': 'R55-20230917', 'first-page': '1', 'article-title': 'Outcome of ivermectin treated mild to moderate COVID-19 cases: a ' 'single-centre, open-label, randomised controlled study', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Podder', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'IMC J Med Sci.'}, { 'key': 'R56-20230917', 'article-title': 'Early COVID-19 therapy with azithromycin plus nitazoxanide, ivermectin ' 'or hydroxychloroquine in outpatient settings significantly reduced ' 'symptoms compared to known outcomes in untreated patients', 'author': 'Cadegiani', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'medRxiv'}, { 'key': 'R59-20230917', 'article-title': 'Ivermectin shows clinical benefits in mild to moderate Covid19 disease: ' 'a randomised controlled double blind dose response study in Lagos', 'author': 'Babalola', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'medRxiv'}, { 'key': 'R60-20230917', 'article-title': 'Ivermectin as a potential treatment for mild to moderate COVID-19 – a ' 'double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial', 'author': 'Ravikirti', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'medRxiv'}, { 'key': 'R61-20230917', 'article-title': 'The use of compassionate Ivermectin in the management of symptomatic ' 'outpatients and hospitalized patients with clinical diagnosis of ' 'COVID-19 at the Medical Center Bournigal and the Medical Center Punta ' 'Cana, Rescue Group, Dominican Republic, from may 1 to august 10, 2020', 'author': 'Morgenstern', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'medRxiv'}, { 'key': 'R62-20230917', 'first-page': '10', 'article-title': 'A case series of 100 COVID-19 positive patients treated with ' 'combination of ivermectin and doxycycline', 'volume': '38', 'author': 'Robin', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Bangladesh Coll Physicians Surgeons'}, { 'key': 'R63-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '85', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.009', 'article-title': 'Use of ivermectin is associated with lower mortality in hospitalized ' 'patients with COVID-19 (ICON study)', 'volume': '159', 'author': 'Rajter', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Chest'}, { 'key': 'R64-20230917', 'first-page': '177', 'article-title': 'Utility of ivermectin and doxycycline combination for the treatment of ' 'SARS-CoV2', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Spoorthi', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int Arch Integrated Med.'}, { 'key': 'R66-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '831', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.arbres.2020.06.011', 'article-title': 'Antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties of ivermectin and its ' 'potential use in covid-19', 'volume': '56', 'author': 'Portmann-Baracco', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Arch Bronconeumol'}, { 'key': 'R67-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '214', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.191', 'article-title': 'A five day course of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19 may ' 'reduce the duration of illness', 'volume': '103', 'author': 'Ahmed', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Int J Infect Dis.'}, { 'key': 'R68-20230917', 'first-page': '31', 'article-title': 'Effectiveness of ivermectin in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 patients', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Chachar', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int J Sci.'}, { 'key': 'R70-20230917', 'article-title': 'Clinical Profile of First 1000 COVID-19 cases admitted at tertiary care ' 'hospitals and the correlates of their mortality: an Indian experience', 'author': 'Budhiraja', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'medRxiv.'}, { 'key': 'R71-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1381', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.17709', 'article-title': 'As their numbers grow, COVID-19 “long haulers” stump experts', 'volume': '324', 'author': 'Rubin', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'key': 'R72-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '113426', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113426', 'article-title': 'How and why patients made Long Covid', 'volume': '268', 'author': 'Callard', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Soc Sci Med.'}, { 'key': 'R73-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2031', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.22130', 'article-title': 'Reflections of a COVID-19 long hauler', 'volume': '324', 'author': 'Siegelman', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'key': 'R75-20230917', 'first-page': '325', 'article-title': 'Over 25 Years of clinical experience with ivermectin: an overview of ' 'safety for an increasing number of indications', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'Kircik', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'J Drugs Dermatol.'}, { 'key': 'R76-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '18', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(96)11094-1', 'article-title': 'Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ' 'ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection', 'volume': '350', 'author': 'Gardon', 'year': '1997', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': 'R77-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1122', 'DOI': '10.1177/009127002237994', 'article-title': 'Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of escalating high doses of ' 'ivermectin in healthy adult subjects', 'volume': '42', 'author': 'Guzzo', 'year': '2002', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Pharmacol.'}, { 'key': 'R78-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '795', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.02.003', 'article-title': 'First case of ivermectin-induced severe hepatitis', 'volume': '100', 'author': 'Veit', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg.'}, { 'key': 'R79-20230917', 'first-page': '784', 'article-title': 'Systemic adverse reactions with ivermectin treatment of scabies', 'volume': '133', 'author': 'Sparsa', 'year': '2006'}, { 'key': 'R80-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '382', 'DOI': '10.4269/ajtmh.17-0042', 'article-title': 'Serious neurological adverse events after ivermectin—do they occur ' 'beyond the indication of onchocerciasis?', 'volume': '98', 'author': 'Chandler', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Am J Trop Med Hyg.'}, { 'key': 'R81-20230917', 'first-page': 'MR000034', 'article-title': 'Healthcare outcomes assessed with observational study designs compared ' 'with those assessed in randomized trials', 'author': 'Anglemyer', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'Cochrane Database Syst Rev.'}, { 'key': 'R82-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1893', 'DOI': '10.1093/eurheartj/ehs114', 'article-title': 'Do observational studies using propensity score methods agree with ' 'randomized trials? A systematic comparison of studies on acute coronary ' 'syndromes', 'volume': '33', 'author': 'Dahabreh', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'Eur Heart J.'}, { 'key': 'R83-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1870', 'DOI': '10.1097/CCM.0000000000001135', 'article-title': 'Can we trust observational studies using propensity scores in the ' 'critical care literature? A systematic comparison with randomized ' 'clinical trials', 'volume': '43', 'author': 'Kitsios', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Crit Care Med.'}, { 'key': 'R84-20230917', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '18', 'DOI': '10.1097/SLA.0000000000000256', 'article-title': 'Comparison of treatment effect estimates from prospective nonrandomized ' 'studies with propensity score analysis and randomized controlled trials ' 'of surgical procedures', 'volume': '259', 'author': 'Lonjon', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'Ann Surg.'}], 'container-title': 'American Journal of Therapeutics', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MJT.0000000000001377', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 9, 17]], 'date-time': '2023-09-17T04:17:18Z', 'timestamp': 1694924238000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MJT.0000000000001377'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2021, 4, 22]]}, 'references-count': 67, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '3', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2021]]}}, 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0000000000001377', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1075-2765'], 'subject': [], 'published': {'date-parts': [[2021, 4, 22]]}}