Treatments for Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19: A Systematic Review

{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 25]], 'date-time': '2024-10-25T23:10:16Z', 'timestamp': 1729897816250, 'version': '3.28.0'}, 'reference-count': 58, 'publisher': 'Georg Thieme Verlag KG', 'issue': '04', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 25]], 'date-time': '2024-05-25T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1716595200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2024, 10]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>\n' ' Introduction\u2003Olfactory dysfunction (OD) has emerged as a notable symptom among ' 'coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, with its prevalence varying among different ' 'populations. Recognizing the need to provide therapeutic solutions for these individuals, the ' 'present study seeks to comprehensively review the current evidence on potential underlying ' 'mechanisms and treatment modalities to manage OD in COVID-19 patients.</jats:p><jats:p>\n' ' Objective\u2003To review the recent evidence on treatments for OD in COVID-19. From ' 'the beginning of the study until August 2nd, 2023, we conducted a systematic search on four ' 'electronic databases, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science, to find relevant ' 'publications.</jats:p><jats:p>\n' ' Data Synthesis\u2003In the present study, 37 articles were selected for data ' 'extraction and included in the final review. The total number of patients was of 3,560 (2,098 ' 'female and 1,462 male subjects). The predominant disorders reported were hyposmia, anosmia, ' 'and parosmia. In most of the studies, the pre and postintervention assessments were the same, ' 'except for one study, in which the pre-intervention assessment of the disorder was through ' "the SST, Sniffin' Sticks Test (SST), and the post-intervention assessment was through the " 'Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22). The findings ' 'suggest olfactory training (OT), ivermectin, palmitoylethanolamide, luteolin, and systemic ' 'corticosteroids, in combination with topical corticosteroids, are potential therapies for ' 'COVID-19 patients with olfactory impairment.</jats:p><jats:p>\n' ' Conclusion\u2003Although the review suggested several medications for OD treatment, ' 'further research must delve into the specific impact of OT, a non-pharmacological modality, ' 'regarding the mitigation of OD. By continuing to investigate and refine these therapeutic ' 'approaches, we can better support COVID-19 patients and improve their quality of life while ' 'navigating the challenges posed by OD.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.1055/s-0044-1786046', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 25]], 'date-time': '2024-05-25T22:30:20Z', 'timestamp': 1716676220000}, 'page': 'e728-e743', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Treatments for Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19: A Systematic Review', 'prefix': '10.1055', 'volume': '28', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4108-2973', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Esmaeil', 'family': 'Mehraeen', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University ' 'of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran'}]}, { 'given': 'Soudabeh', 'family': 'Yarmohammadi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Trauma Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, ' 'Kashan, Iran'}]}, { 'given': 'Pegah', 'family': 'Mirzapour', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for ' 'Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical ' 'Sciences, Tehran, Iran'}]}, { 'given': 'Seyed Saeed Tamehri', 'family': 'Zadeh', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research ' 'Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of ' 'Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran'}]}, { 'given': 'Soheil', 'family': 'Dehghani', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ' 'Tehran, Iran'}]}, { 'given': 'Leila', 'family': 'Molaeipour', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran ' 'University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran'}]}, { 'given': 'Ayoob', 'family': 'Molla', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, ' 'Bushehr, Iran'}]}, { 'given': 'Elaheh', 'family': 'Karimi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ' 'Tehran, Iran'}]}, { 'given': 'Faeze', 'family': 'Abbaspour', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ' 'Tehran, Iran'}]}, { 'given': 'SeyedAhmad', 'family': 'SeyedAlinaghi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for ' 'Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical ' 'Sciences, Tehran, Iran'}]}], 'member': '194', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 25]]}, 'reference': [ { 'issue': '06', 'key': 'ref1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1159', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.otc.2004.06.007', 'article-title': 'Postviral 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