Inhaled Dry Powder of Antiviral Agents: A Promising Approach to Treating Respiratory Viral Pathogens

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3390/v17020252", "ISSN": [ "1999-4915" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v17020252", "abstract": "<jats:p>Inhaled dry powder formulations of antiviral agents represent a novel and potentially transformative approach to managing respiratory viral infections. Traditional antiviral therapies in the form of tablets or capsules often face limitations in terms of therapeutic activity, systemic side effects, and delayed onset of action. Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) provide a targeted delivery system, ensuring the direct administration of antivirals to the infection site, the respiratory tract, which potentially enhance therapeutic efficacy and minimize systemic exposure. This review explores the current state of inhaled dry powder antiviral agents, their advantages over traditional routes, and specific formulations under development. We discuss the benefits of targeted delivery, such as improved drug deposition in the lungs and reduced side effects, alongside considerations related to the formulation preparation. In addition, we summarize the developed (published and marketed) inhaled dry powders of antiviral agents.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "v17020252" ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Mastaplex Ltd., Centre for Innovation, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand" } ], "family": "Saha", "given": "Tushar", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, New York, NY 11439, USA" } ], "family": "Masum", "given": "Zia Uddin", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Materials and Nanotechnology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA" } ], "family": "Biswas", "given": "Anik", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Biological Science, St. John’s University, Queens, New York, NY 11439, USA" } ], "family": "Mou", "given": "Moushumi Afroza", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA" } ], "family": "Ahmed", "given": "Sohag", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh" } ], "family": "Saha", "given": "Tamal", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Viruses", "container-title-short": "Viruses", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 2, 12 ] ], "date-time": "2025-02-12T15:25:57Z", "timestamp": 1739373957000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 2, 14 ] ], "date-time": "2025-02-14T05:11:37Z", "timestamp": 1739509897000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 2, 15 ] ], "date-time": "2025-02-15T05:06:03Z", "timestamp": 1739595963966, "version": "3.37.1" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "2", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 2, 12 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "2", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 2 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 2, 12 ] ], "date-time": "2025-02-12T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1739318400000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/2/252/pdf", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1968", "original-title": [], "page": "252", "prefix": "10.3390", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 2, 12 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 2, 12 ] ] }, "publisher": "MDPI AG", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1183/13993003.01727-2020", "article-title": "Epidemic and pandemic viral infections: Impact on tuberculosis and the lung: A consensus by the World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (WAidid), Global Tuberculosis Network (GTN), and members of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC)", "author": "Ong", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2001727", "journal-title": "Eur. 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