Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
Results
Abstract
All ivermectin studies
Meta analysis
 
Feedback
Home
next
study
previous
study
c19ivm.org COVID-19 treatment researchIvermectinIvermectin (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Clinical Disease Characteristics and Treatment Trajectories Associated with Mortality among COVID-19 Patients in Punjab, Pakistan

Munir et al., Healthcare, doi:10.3390/healthcare11081192
Apr 2023  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
Mortality 48% Improvement Relative Risk Ivermectin for COVID-19  Munir et al.  LATE TREATMENT Is late treatment with ivermectin beneficial for COVID-19? Retrospective 1,000 patients in Pakistan (March 2021 - March 2022) Lower mortality with ivermectin (not stat. sig., p=0.13) c19ivm.org Munir et al., Healthcare, April 2023 Favorsivermectin Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Ivermectin for COVID-19
4th treatment shown to reduce risk in August 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 105 studies, recognized in 23 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 110 treatments. c19ivm.org
Retrospective 1,000 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Pakistan, showing lower mortality with ivermectin without statistical significance.
Although the 48% lower mortality is not statistically significant, it is consistent with the significant 47% lower mortality [34‑58%] from meta analysis of the 53 mortality results to date.
This is the 97th of 105 COVID-19 controlled studies for ivermectin, which collectively show efficacy with p<0.0000000001 (1 in 774 quintillion).
52 studies are RCTs, which show efficacy with p=0.00000021.
risk of death, 48.2% lower, OR 0.52, p = 0.13, treatment 92, control 908, adjusted per study, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Munir et al., 21 Apr 2023, retrospective, Pakistan, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, study period March 2021 - March 2022, dosage not specified.
This PaperIvermectinAll
Clinical Disease Characteristics and Treatment Trajectories Associated with Mortality among COVID-19 Patients in Punjab, Pakistan
Muhammad Zeeshan Munir, Amer Hayat Khan, Tahir Mehmood Khan
doi:10.3390/healthcare11081192
Background: Data on Pakistani COVID-19 patient mortality predictors is limited. It is essential to comprehend the relationship between disease characteristics, medications used, and mortality for better patient outcomes. Methods: The medical records of confirmed cases in the Lahore and Sargodha districts were examined using a two-stage cluster sampling from March 2021 to March 2022. Demographics, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, and pharmacological medications as mortality indicators were noted and analyzed. Results: A total of 288 deaths occurred out of the 1000 cases. Death rates were higher for males and people over 40. Most of those who were mechanically ventilated perished (OR: 124.2). Dyspnea, fever, and cough were common symptoms, with a significant association amid SpO2 < 95% (OR: 3.2), RR > 20 breaths/min (OR: 2.5), and mortality. Patients with renal (OR: 2.3) or liver failure (OR: 1.5) were at risk. Raised C-reactive protein (OR: 2.9) and D-dimer levels were the indicators of mortality (OR: 1.6). The most prescribed drugs were antibiotics, (77.9%), corticosteroids (54.8%), anticoagulants (34%), tocilizumab (20.3%), and ivermectin (9.2%). Conclusions: Older males having breathing difficulties or signs of organ failure with raised C-reactive protein or D-dimer levels had high mortality. Antivirals, corticosteroids, tocilizumab, and ivermectin had better outcomes; antivirals were associated with lower mortality risk.
Author Contributions: Elements of this work including the conception of ideas, literature search, study designs, clinical data collections, statistical data analysis, data interpretation, manuscript drafting, and paper writing were done by M.Z.M., T.M.K. and A.H.K. Supervised and performed project administration, critical revisions of the paper, final editing, agreed to submit the manuscript to this journal, gave the final approval for the submitted version, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
Akhtar, Akhtar, Rahman, Afridi, Khalid et al., An overview of the treatment options used for the management of COVID-19 in Pakistan: Retrospective observational study, JMIR Public Health Surveill, doi:10.2196/28594
Al-Kuraishy, Al-Gareeb, Bungau, Radu, Batiha, The potential molecular implications of adiponectin in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2: Inbuilt tendency, J. King Saud Univ.-Sci, doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102347
Al-Saadi, Abdulnabi, Abdulnabi, Hematological changes associated with COVID-19 infection, J. Clin. Lab. Anal, doi:10.1002/jcla.24064
Alqahtani, Schattenberg, Liver injury in COVID-19: The current evidence, United Eur. Gastroenterol. J
Alvarez, Cabia, Trigo, Bandrés, Bestué, Prescription profile in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalised in Aragon, Spain, Eur. J. Hosp. Pharm, doi:10.1136/ejhpharm-2020-002476
Beigel, Tomashek, Dodd, Mehta, Zingman et al., Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19, N. Engl. J. Med, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007764
Berger, Connors, Anticoagulation in COVID-19: Reaction to the ACTION trial, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01291-5
Best, Kong, Kaplan-Lewis, Brawley, Baden et al., Treatment patterns in US patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and pulmonary involvement, J. Med. Virol, doi:10.1002/jmv.27049
Bhimraj, Morgan, Shumaker, Lavergne, Baden et al., Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on the treatment and management of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Clin. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa478
Boban, Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) update on epidemiology, pathogenicity, clinical course and treatments, Int. J. Clin. Pract, doi:10.1111/ijcp.13868
Bode, Garrett, Messler, Mcfarland, Crowe et al., Glycemic characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the United States, J. Diabetes Sci. Technol, doi:10.1177/1932296820924469
Bogdanić, Močibob, Vidović, Soldo, Begovać, Azithromycin consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia, PLoS ONE
Brown, Mccullough, Treatment for emerging viruses: Convalescent plasma and COVID-19, Transfus. Apher. Sci, doi:10.1016/j.transci.2020.102790
Cai, Huang, Yu, Zhu, Xia et al., COVID-19: Abnormal liver function tests, J. Hepatol, doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.006
Calderón-Parra, Cuervas-Mons, Moreno-Torres, Rubio-Rivas, Agudo-De Blas et al., Influence of chronic use of corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors on COVID-19 clinical outcomes: Analysis of a nationwide registry, Int. J. Infect. Dis
Capalbo, Aceti, Simmaco, Bonfini, Rocco et al., The exponential phase of the Covid-19 pandemic in central Italy: An integrated care pathway, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph17113792
Cate, Surviving COVID-19 with heparin? Mass, Med. Soc, doi:10.1056/NEJMe2111151
Chen, Li, Chen, Feng, Xiong, The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, Cardiovasc. Res, doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa078
Connors, Levy, COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation, Blood, doi:10.1182/blood.2020006000
Coronavirus, None
Cuker, Tseng, Nieuwlaat, Angchaisuksiri, Blair et al., American Society of Hematology living guidelines on the use of anticoagulation for thromboprophylaxis in patients with COVID-19: July 2021 update on postdischarge thromboprophylaxis, Blood Adv, doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005945
Danilczyk, Penninger, Angiotensin-converting enzyme II in the heart and the kidney, Circ. Res
Deng, Liu, Liu, Fang, Shang et al., Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective study, Chin. Med. J
Di Filippo, De Lorenzo, Sciorati, Capobianco, Lorè et al., Adiponectin to leptin ratio reflects inflammatory burden and survival in COVID-19, Diabetes Metab, doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2021.101268
Diaz, García, Muñoz, Perez, Gonzalez et al., Does timing matter on tocilizumab administration? Clinical, analytical and radiological outcomes in COVID-19, Eur. J. Hosp. Pharm, doi:10.1136/ejhpharm-2020-002669
Filion, Azoulay, Platt, Dahl, Dormuth et al., A multicenter observational study of incretin-based drugs and heart failure, N. Engl. J. Med, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1506115
Gadi, Wu, Spihlman, Moulton, What's sex got to do with COVID-19? Gender-based differences in the host immune response to coronaviruses, Front. Immunol, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.02147
Gaertner, Massberg, Blood coagulation in immunothrombosis-At the frontline of intravascular immunity
Gao, Cai, Zhang, Zhou, Zhang et al., Association of hypertension and antihypertensive treatment with COVID-19 mortality: A retrospective observational study, Eur. Heart J
Goel, Goyal, Nagaraja, Kumar, Systemic corticosteroids for management of 'long-COVID': An evaluation after 3 months of treatment, Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis, doi:10.4081/monaldi.2021.1981
Goh, Choong, Cheong, Kalimuddin, Wen et al., Rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome: Review of current understanding of critical illness from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, Ann. Acad. Med. Singap, doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.202057
Gottlieb, Vaca, Paredes, Mera, Webb et al., Early remdesivir to prevent progression to severe Covid-19 in outpatients, N. Engl. J. Med, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2116846
Grasselli, Pesenti, Cecconi, Critical care utilization for the COVID-19 outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: Early experience and forecast during an emergency response, JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4031
Guo, Wei, Li, Li, Yang et al., Single-cell RNA analysis on ACE2 expression provides insights into SARS-CoV-2 potential entry into the bloodstream and heart injury, J. Cell. Physiol, doi:10.1002/jcp.29802
Harbuwono, Handayani, Wahyuningsih, Supraptowati, Kurniawan et al., Impact of diabetes mellitus on COVID-19 clinical symptoms and mortality: Jakarta's COVID-19 epidemiological registry, Prim. Care Diabetes, doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2021.11.002
Hashim, Alsuwaidi, Khan, Population risk factors for COVID-19 mortality in 93 countries, J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health, doi:10.2991/jegh.k.200721.001
Hu, Zhan, Chen, Ai, Xia, Chest CT findings related to mortality of patients with COVID-19: A retrospective case-series study, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237302
Hueda-Zavaleta, Copaja-Corzo, Bardales-Silva, Flores-Palacios, Barreto-Rocchetti et al., Factors associated with mortality due to COVID-19 in patients from a public hospital in Tacna, Peru. Rev. Peru, De Med. Exp. Y Salud Publica, doi:10.17843/rpmesp.2021.382.7158
Ionescu, Jaiyesimi, Petrescu, Lawler, Castillo et al., Association of anticoagulation dose and survival in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A retrospective propensity score-weighted analysis, Eur. J. Haematol, doi:10.1111/ejh.13533
Jalil, Shanshool, Dilfy, Saleh, Suleiman, Hematological and serological parameters for detection of COVID-19, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci, doi:10.55251/jmbfs.4229
Jankauskas, Pevzner, Andrianova, Zorova, Popkov et al., The age-associated loss of ischemic preconditioning in the kidney is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction, increased protein acetylation and decreased autophagy, Sci. Rep, doi:10.1038/srep44430
Jin, Bai, He, Wu, Liu et al., Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: Focus on severity and mortality, Front. Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152
Kaftan, Hussain, Algenabi, Naser, Enaya, Predictive Value of C-reactive Protein, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Ferritin and D-dimer Levels in Diagnosing COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Study, Acta Inform. Med, doi:10.5455/aim.2021.29.45-50
Kaufman, Naidu, Ramachandran, Kaufman, Fayad et al., Review of radiographic findings in COVID-19, World J. Radiol, doi:10.4329/wjr.v12.i8.142
Kearns, Ahern, Patrie, Horton, Harris et al., Reduced adiponectin levels in patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory failure: A case-control study, Physiol. Rep, doi:10.14814/phy2.14843
Khaw, Richardson, Bhowmik, Agbetile, Rajakulasingam, Use of Corticosteroid in Persistent Post-COVID-19 Interstitial Lung Disease, Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc, doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.202105-623LE
Konter, Parker, Baez, Li, Ranscht et al., Adiponectin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through suppression of endothelial cell activation, J. Immunol, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1100426
Kucharski, Russell, Diamond, Liu, Edmunds et al., Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: A mathematical modelling study, Lancet Infect. Dis
Kumar, Patel, Hererra, Jefferies, Sakhuja et al., Do high-dose corticosteroids improve outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients?, J. Med. Virol, doi:10.1002/jmv.27357
Lai, Chen, Wang, Chen, Wang et al., Clinical efficacy and safety of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, J. Antimicrob. Chemother, doi:10.1093/jac/dkab093
Langford, So, Raybardhan, Leung, Soucy et al., Antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19: Rapid review and meta-analysis, Clin. Microbiol. Infect, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.018
Mangkuliguna, Pramono, Efficacy and Safety of Azithromycin for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Tuberc. Respir. Dis, doi:10.4046/trd.2021.0075
Martínez-Sanz, Muriel, Ron, Herrera, Pérez-Molina et al., Effects of tocilizumab on mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A multicentre cohort study, Clin. Microbiol. Infect, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.021
Muniyappa, Gubbi, COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus, Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab, doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00124.2020
Musoke, Lo, Albano, Peterson, Bhargav et al., None
Nishiga, Wang, Han, Lewis, Wu, COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: From basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives, Nat. Rev. Cardiol, doi:10.1038/s41569-020-0413-9
Onder, Rezza, Brusaferro, Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy, JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4683
Opal, Girard, Ely, The immunopathogenesis of sepsis in elderly patients, Clin. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1086/432007
Ospina-Tascón, Calderón-Tapia, García, Zarama, Gómez-Álvarez et al., Effect of high-flow oxygen therapy vs conventional oxygen therapy on invasive mechanical ventilation and clinical recovery in patients with severe COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial, JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2021.20714
Panel, COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines
Pennington, Kompaniyets, Summers, Danielson, Goodman et al., Risk of clinical severity by age and race/ethnicity among adults hospitalized for COVID-19-United States
Qian, Chen, Lv, Ma, Wang et al., Duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding during COVID-19 infection, Infect. Dis, doi:10.1080/23744235.2020.1748705
Qin, Dong, Zhang, Hu, Chen et al., Low molecular weight heparin and 28-day mortality among patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A cohort study in the early epidemic era, Thromb. Res, doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.11.020
Querequincia, Faller, A systematic review on the clinical studies of Remdesivir for COVID-19 in selected Asian countries, J. Appl. Pharm. Sci
Rajter, Sherman, Fatteh, Vogel, Sacks et al., Use of ivermectin is associated with lower mortality in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019: The ivermectin in COVID nineteen study, Chest, doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.009
Rashedi, Mahdavi Poor, Asgharzadeh, Pourostadi, Samadi Kafil et al., Risk Factors for COVID-19, Infez. Med
Richardson, Hirsch, Narasimhan, Crawford, Mcginn et al., Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area, JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775
Rizk, Kalantar-Zadeh, Mehra, Lavie, Rizk et al., Pharmaco-immunomodulatory therapy in COVID-19, Drugs, doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01367-z
Robinson, Mchugh, Mandalapu, Clay, Lee et al., Influenza A virus exacerbates Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in mice by attenuating antimicrobial peptide production, J. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1093/infdis/jit527
Rozenfeld, Beam, Maier, Haggerson, Boudreau et al., A model of disparities: Risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection, Int. J. Equity Health, doi:10.1186/s12939-020-01242-z
Rubino, Amiel, Zimmet, Alberti, Bornstein et al., New-onset diabetes in COVID-19, N. Engl. J. Med, doi:10.1056/NEJMc2018688
Salacup, Pelayo, Tipparaju, Anticoagulation and bleeding risk in patients with COVID-19, Thromb. Res, doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.035
Savoia, Volpe, Kreutz, Hypertension, a moving target in COVID-19: Current views and perspectives, Circ. Res, doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318054
Schulman, Sholzberg, Spyropoulos, Zarychanski, Resnick et al., ISTH guidelines for antithrombotic treatment in COVID-19, J. Thromb. Haemost
Shah, Majmudar, Stein, Gupta, Suppes et al., Novel use of home pulse oximetry monitoring in COVID-19 patients discharged from the emergency department identifies need for hospitalization, Acad. Emerg. Med, doi:10.1111/acem.14053
Shimizu, Hirata, Kabata, Tokuhira, Koide et al., Ivermectin administration is associated with lower gastrointestinal complications and greater ventilator-free days in ventilated patients with COVID-19: A propensity score analysis, J. Infect. Chemother, doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2021.12.024
Smilowitz, Kunichoff, Garshick, Shah, Pillinger et al., C-reactive protein and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19, Eur. Heart J, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1103
Suardi, Pallotto, Esperti, Tazzioli, Baragli et al., Risk factors for non-invasive/invasive ventilatory support in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: A retrospective study within a multidisciplinary approach, Int. J. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.012
Sun, Kou, Wang, Lu, Zhao et al., An analytical study of drug utilization, disease progression, and adverse events among 165 COVID-19 patients, Ann. Transl. Med, doi:10.21037/atm-20-4960
Tamez-Pérez, Quintanilla-Flores, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, González-González, Tamez-Peña, Steroid hyperglycemia: Prevalence, early detection and therapeutic recommendations: A narrative review, World J. Diabetes
Tan, Song, Deane, Plummer, Global impact of coronavirus disease 2019 infection requiring admission to the ICU: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Chest, doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.014
Tang, Li, Wang, Sun, Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia, J. Thromb. Haemost, doi:10.1111/jth.14768
Toroghi, Abbasian, Nourian, Davoudi-Monfared, Khalili et al., Comparing efficacy and safety of different doses of dexamethasone in the treatment of COVID-19: A three-arm randomized clinical trial, Pharmacol. Rep, doi:10.1007/s43440-021-00341-0
Vallianou, Tsilingiris, Christodoulatos, Karampela, Dalamaga, Anti-viral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection: A race against time amidst the ongoing pandemic, Metab. Open, doi:10.1016/j.metop.2021.100096
Wang, Luo, Zhang, Yu, Cheng et al., The involvement of chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury in disease severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19: A meta-analysis, Kidney Blood Press. Res, doi:10.1159/000512211
Wang, Yao, Liu, Cao, Wang et al., Risk factors of coronavirus disease 2019-related mortality and optimal treatment regimens: A retrospective study, Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res, doi:10.12659/MSM.926751
Waris, Atta, Ali, Asmat, Baset, COVID-19 outbreak: Current scenario of Pakistan, New Microbes New Infect, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100681
Watanabe, Kwon, Nan, Abeles, Jia et al., Medication use patterns in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in California during the pandemic, JAMA Netw. Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.10775
Wu, Huang, Zhu, Wang, Lv et al., Elevation of blood glucose level predicts worse outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study, BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care, doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001476
Xu, Zhong, Deng, Peng, Dan et al., High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa, Int. J. Oral Sci, doi:10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x
Yang, Lin, Ji, Guo, Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes, Acta Diabetol, doi:10.1007/s00592-009-0109-4
Yu, Koh, Choi, Ryoo, Huh et al., Clinical efficacy and safety of interleukin-6 receptor antagonists (tocilizumab and sarilumab) in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Emerg. Microbes Infect, doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2059405
Zhou, Yu, Du, Fan, Liu et al., Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study, Lancet
{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 12, 11]], 'date-time': '2023-12-11T05:46:55Z', 'timestamp': 1702273615407}, 'reference-count': 94, 'publisher': 'MDPI AG', 'issue': '8', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 4, 21]], 'date-time': '2023-04-21T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1682035200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>Background: Data on Pakistani COVID-19 patient mortality predictors is limited. It is ' 'essential to comprehend the relationship between disease characteristics, medications used, ' 'and mortality for better patient outcomes. Methods: The medical records of confirmed cases in ' 'the Lahore and Sargodha districts were examined using a two-stage cluster sampling from March ' '2021 to March 2022. Demographics, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, and ' 'pharmacological medications as mortality indicators were noted and analyzed. Results: A total ' 'of 288 deaths occurred out of the 1000 cases. Death rates were higher for males and people ' 'over 40. Most of those who were mechanically ventilated perished (OR: 124.2). Dyspnea, fever, ' 'and cough were common symptoms, with a significant association amid SpO2 &lt; 95% (OR: 3.2), ' 'RR &gt; 20 breaths/min (OR: 2.5), and mortality. Patients with renal (OR: 2.3) or liver ' 'failure (OR: 1.5) were at risk. Raised C-reactive protein (OR: 2.9) and D-dimer levels were ' 'the indicators of mortality (OR: 1.6). The most prescribed drugs were antibiotics, (77.9%), ' 'corticosteroids (54.8%), anticoagulants (34%), tocilizumab (20.3%), and ivermectin (9.2%). ' 'Conclusions: Older males having breathing difficulties or signs of organ failure with raised ' 'C-reactive protein or D-dimer levels had high mortality. Antivirals, corticosteroids, ' 'tocilizumab, and ivermectin had better outcomes; antivirals were associated with lower ' 'mortality risk.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3390/healthcare11081192', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 4, 21]], 'date-time': '2023-04-21T06:05:31Z', 'timestamp': 1682057131000}, 'page': '1192', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Clinical Disease Characteristics and Treatment Trajectories Associated with Mortality among ' 'COVID-19 Patients in Punjab, Pakistan', 'prefix': '10.3390', 'volume': '11', 'author': [ { 'given': 'Muhammad Zeeshan', 'family': 'Munir', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical ' 'Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, ' 'Malaysia'}, { 'name': 'Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary ' 'and Animal Sciences, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, ' 'Lahore 54000, Pakistan'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4802-6181', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Amer Hayat', 'family': 'Khan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical ' 'Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, ' 'Malaysia'}]}, { 'given': 'Tahir Mehmood', 'family': 'Khan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary ' 'and Animal Sciences, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, ' 'Lahore 54000, Pakistan'}, { 'name': 'School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Jalan ' 'Lagoon Selatan, Banday Sunway, Subang Jaya 45700, Selangor, ' 'Malaysia'}]}], 'member': '1968', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 4, 21]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '524', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.014', 'article-title': 'Global impact of coronavirus disease 2019 infection requiring admission ' 'to the ICU: A systematic review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '159', 'author': 'Tan', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Chest'}, { 'key': 'ref_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '108', 'DOI': '10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.202057', 'article-title': 'Rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome: Review of ' 'current understanding of critical illness from coronavirus disease 2019 ' '(COVID-19) infection', 'volume': '49', 'author': 'Goh', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Ann. Acad. Med. Singap.'}, { 'key': 'ref_3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1545', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.4031', 'article-title': 'Critical care utilization for the COVID-19 outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: ' 'Early experience and forecast during an emergency response', 'volume': '323', 'author': 'Grasselli', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'key': 'ref_4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '126', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12939-020-01242-z', 'article-title': 'A model of disparities: Risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'Rozenfeld', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Equity Health'}, { 'key': 'ref_5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1054', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3', 'article-title': 'Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with ' 'COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'Zhou', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': 'ref_6', 'unstructured': 'Pennington, A.F., Kompaniyets, L., Summers, A.D., Danielson, M.L., ' 'Goodman, A.B., Chevinsky, J.R., Preston, L.E., Schieber, L.Z., ' 'Namulanda, G., and Courtney, J. (2021). Open Forum Infectious Diseases, ' 'Oxford University Press US.'}, { 'key': 'ref_7', 'first-page': '469', 'article-title': 'Risk Factors for COVID-19', 'volume': '28', 'author': 'Rashedi', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Infez. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '204', 'DOI': '10.2991/jegh.k.200721.001', 'article-title': 'Population risk factors for COVID-19 mortality in 93 countries', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Hashim', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health'}, { 'key': 'ref_9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'E736', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpendo.00124.2020', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus', 'volume': '18', 'author': 'Muniyappa', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab.'}, { 'key': 'ref_10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2058', 'DOI': '10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa433', 'article-title': 'Association of hypertension and antihypertensive treatment with ' 'COVID-19 mortality: A retrospective observational study', 'volume': '41', 'author': 'Gao', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Eur. Heart J.'}, { 'key': 'ref_11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '543', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41569-020-0413-9', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: From basic mechanisms to clinical ' 'perspectives', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'Nishiga', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Rev. Cardiol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '45', 'DOI': '10.5455/aim.2021.29.45-50', 'article-title': 'Predictive Value of C–reactive Protein, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Ferritin ' 'and D-dimer Levels in Diagnosing COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective ' 'Study', 'volume': '29', 'author': 'Kaftan', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Acta Inform. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '102347', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102347', 'article-title': 'The potential molecular implications of adiponectin in the evolution of ' 'SARS-CoV-2: Inbuilt tendency', 'volume': '34', 'author': 'Bungau', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'J. King Saud Univ.-Sci.'}, { 'key': 'ref_14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '854', 'DOI': '10.4049/jimmunol.1100426', 'article-title': 'Adiponectin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury ' 'through suppression of endothelial cell activation', 'volume': '188', 'author': 'Konter', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'J. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e14843', 'DOI': '10.14814/phy2.14843', 'article-title': 'Reduced adiponectin levels in patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory ' 'failure: A case-control study', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Kearns', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Physiol. Rep.'}, { 'key': 'ref_16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '101268', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.diabet.2021.101268', 'article-title': 'Adiponectin to leptin ratio reflects inflammatory burden and survival ' 'in COVID-19', 'volume': '47', 'author': 'Sciorati', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab.'}, { 'key': 'ref_17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '258', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.012', 'article-title': 'Risk factors for non-invasive/invasive ventilatory support in patients ' 'with COVID-19 pneumonia: A retrospective study within a ' 'multidisciplinary approach', 'volume': '100', 'author': 'Suardi', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1261', 'DOI': '10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824', 'article-title': 'Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus ' 'disease 2019 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective study', 'volume': '133', 'author': 'Deng', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Chin. Med. J.'}, { 'key': 'ref_19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '142', 'DOI': '10.4329/wjr.v12.i8.142', 'article-title': 'Review of radiographic findings in COVID-19', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Kaufman', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'World J. Radiol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Hu, Y., Zhan, C., Chen, C., Ai, T., and Xia, L. (2020). Chest CT ' 'findings related to mortality of patients with COVID-19: A retrospective ' 'case-series study. PLoS ONE, 15.', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0237302'}, { 'key': 'ref_21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '553', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30144-4', 'article-title': 'Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: A mathematical ' 'modelling study', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'Kucharski', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '511', 'DOI': '10.1080/23744235.2020.1748705', 'article-title': 'Duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding during COVID-19 infection', 'volume': '52', 'author': 'Qian', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '100681', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100681', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 outbreak: Current scenario of Pakistan', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'Waris', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'New Microbes New Infect.'}, { 'key': 'ref_24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e13868', 'DOI': '10.1111/ijcp.13868', 'article-title': 'Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) update on epidemiology, ' 'pathogenicity, clinical course and treatments', 'volume': '75', 'author': 'Boban', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Clin. Pract.'}, { 'key': 'ref_25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1813', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2007764', 'article-title': 'Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19', 'volume': '383', 'author': 'Beigel', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'N. Engl. J. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '100096', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.metop.2021.100096', 'article-title': 'Anti-viral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection: A race against time ' 'amidst the ongoing pandemic', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Vallianou', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Metab. Open'}, { 'key': 'ref_27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1267', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40265-020-01367-z', 'article-title': 'Pharmaco-immunomodulatory therapy in COVID-19', 'volume': '80', 'author': 'Rizk', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Drugs'}, { 'key': 'ref_28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2161', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2021.20714', 'article-title': 'Effect of high-flow oxygen therapy vs conventional oxygen therapy on ' 'invasive mechanical ventilation and clinical recovery in patients with ' 'severe COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial', 'volume': '326', 'author': 'Zarama', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'key': 'ref_29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '102790', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.transci.2020.102790', 'article-title': 'Treatment for emerging viruses: Convalescent plasma and COVID-19', 'volume': '59', 'author': 'Brown', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Transfus. Apher. Sci.'}, { 'key': 'ref_30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '165', 'DOI': '10.1111/ejh.13533', 'article-title': 'Association of anticoagulation dose and survival in hospitalized ' 'COVID-19 patients: A retrospective propensity score-weighted analysis', 'volume': '106', 'author': 'Ionescu', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Haematol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_31', 'first-page': 'e926751-1', 'article-title': 'Risk factors of coronavirus disease 2019-related mortality and optimal ' 'treatment regimens: A retrospective study', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'Wang', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_32', 'first-page': '214', 'article-title': 'Factors associated with mortality due to COVID-19 in patients from a ' 'public hospital in Tacna, Peru', 'volume': '38', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Rev. Peru. De Med. Exp. Y Salud Publica'}, { 'key': 'ref_33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2052', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.6775', 'article-title': 'Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 ' 'patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area', 'volume': '323', 'author': 'Richardson', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'key': 'ref_34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'S504', 'DOI': '10.1086/432007', 'article-title': 'The immunopathogenesis of sepsis in elderly patients', 'volume': '41', 'author': 'Opal', 'year': '2005', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '44430', 'DOI': '10.1038/srep44430', 'article-title': 'The age-associated loss of ischemic preconditioning in the kidney is ' 'accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction, increased protein acetylation ' 'and decreased autophagy', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Jankauskas', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Sci. Rep.'}, { 'key': 'ref_36', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e28594', 'DOI': '10.2196/28594', 'article-title': 'An overview of the treatment options used for the management of ' 'COVID-19 in Pakistan: Retrospective observational study', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Akhtar', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'JMIR Public Health Surveill.'}, { 'key': 'ref_37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2147', 'DOI': '10.3389/fimmu.2020.02147', 'article-title': 'What’s sex got to do with COVID-19? Gender-based differences in the ' 'host immune response to coronaviruses', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Gadi', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Front. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '152', 'DOI': '10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152', 'article-title': 'Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: Focus on severity and ' 'mortality', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Jin', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Front. Public Health'}, { 'key': 'ref_39', 'unstructured': '(2022, September 15). COVID-19 Dashboard. Available online: ' 'https://coronaboard.kr/.'}, { 'key': 'ref_40', 'unstructured': '(2022, April 20). Nuovo Coronavirus, Available online: ' 'https://www.salute.gov.it/portale/home.html.'}, { 'key': 'ref_41', 'first-page': '1775', 'article-title': 'Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to ' 'COVID-19 in Italy', 'volume': '323', 'author': 'Onder', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'key': 'ref_42', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Capalbo, C., Aceti, A., Simmaco, M., Bonfini, R., Rocco, M., Ricci, A., ' 'Napoli, C., Rocco, M., Alfonsi, V., and Teggi, A. (2020). The ' 'exponential phase of the Covid-19 pandemic in central Italy: An ' 'integrated care pathway. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijerph17113792'}, { 'key': 'ref_43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '65', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.pcd.2021.11.002', 'article-title': 'Impact of diabetes mellitus on COVID-19 clinical symptoms and ' 'mortality: Jakarta’s COVID-19 epidemiological registry', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'Harbuwono', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Prim. Care Diabetes'}, { 'key': 'ref_44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '789', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMc2018688', 'article-title': 'New-onset diabetes in COVID-19', 'volume': '383', 'author': 'Rubino', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'N. Engl. J. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '193', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00592-009-0109-4', 'article-title': 'Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes ' 'acute diabetes', 'volume': '47', 'author': 'Yang', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'Acta Diabetol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_46', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '9884', 'DOI': '10.1002/jcp.29802', 'article-title': 'Single-cell RNA analysis on ACE2 expression provides insights into ' 'SARS-CoV-2 potential entry into the bloodstream and heart injury', 'volume': '235', 'author': 'Guo', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Cell. Physiol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1097', 'DOI': '10.1093/cvr/cvaa078', 'article-title': 'The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of ' 'heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2', 'volume': '116', 'author': 'Chen', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Cardiovasc. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_48', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1062', 'DOI': '10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318054', 'article-title': 'Hypertension, a moving target in COVID-19: Current views and ' 'perspectives', 'volume': '128', 'author': 'Savoia', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Circ. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '681', 'DOI': '10.1111/acem.14053', 'article-title': 'Novel use of home pulse oximetry monitoring in COVID-19 patients ' 'discharged from the emergency department identifies need for ' 'hospitalization', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'Shah', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Acad. Emerg. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_50', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e4229', 'DOI': '10.55251/jmbfs.4229', 'article-title': 'Hematological and serological parameters for detection of COVID-19', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Jalil', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci.'}, { 'key': 'ref_51', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e24064', 'DOI': '10.1002/jcla.24064', 'article-title': 'Hematological changes associated with COVID-19 infection', 'volume': '36', 'author': 'Abdulnabi', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'J. Clin. Lab. Anal.'}, { 'key': 'ref_52', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '813', 'DOI': '10.1177/1932296820924469', 'article-title': 'Glycemic characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients ' 'hospitalized in the United States', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Bode', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Diabetes Sci. Technol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_53', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e001476', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001476', 'article-title': 'Elevation of blood glucose level predicts worse outcomes in ' 'hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Wu', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care'}, { 'key': 'ref_54', 'unstructured': 'Gaertner, F., and Massberg, S. (2016). Seminars in Immunology, ' 'Elsevier.'}, { 'key': 'ref_55', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '844', 'DOI': '10.1111/jth.14768', 'article-title': 'Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in ' 'patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia', 'volume': '18', 'author': 'Tang', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Thromb. Haemost.'}, { 'key': 'ref_56', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '8', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x', 'article-title': 'High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells ' 'of oral mucosa', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Xu', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Oral Sci.'}, { 'key': 'ref_57', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2270', 'DOI': '10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1103', 'article-title': 'C-reactive protein and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19', 'volume': '42', 'author': 'Smilowitz', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Eur. Heart J.'}, { 'key': 'ref_58', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '566', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.006', 'article-title': 'COVID-19: Abnormal liver function tests', 'volume': '73', 'author': 'Cai', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Hepatol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_59', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '509', 'DOI': '10.1177/2050640620924157', 'article-title': 'Liver injury in COVID-19: The current evidence', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Alqahtani', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'United Eur. Gastroenterol. J.'}, { 'key': 'ref_60', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '463', 'DOI': '10.1161/01.RES.0000205761.22353.5f', 'article-title': 'Angiotensin-converting enzyme II in the heart and the kidney', 'volume': '98', 'author': 'Danilczyk', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'Circ. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_61', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '17', 'DOI': '10.1159/000512211', 'article-title': 'The involvement of chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury in ' 'disease severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19: A ' 'meta-analysis', 'volume': '46', 'author': 'Wang', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Kidney Blood Press. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_62', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '306', 'DOI': '10.21037/atm-20-4960', 'article-title': 'An analytical study of drug utilization, disease progression, and ' 'adverse events among 165 COVID-19 patients', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Sun', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Ann. Transl. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_63', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e2110775', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.10775', 'article-title': 'Medication use patterns in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in ' 'California during the pandemic', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'Watanabe', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Netw. Open'}, { 'key': 'ref_64', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '287', 'DOI': '10.1136/ejhpharm-2020-002476', 'article-title': 'Prescription profile in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalised ' 'in Aragon, Spain', 'volume': '29', 'author': 'Alvarez', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Hosp. Pharm.'}, { 'key': 'ref_65', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '5367', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.27049', 'article-title': 'Treatment patterns in US patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and ' 'pulmonary involvement', 'volume': '93', 'author': 'Best', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J. Med. Virol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_66', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '299', 'DOI': '10.4046/trd.2021.0075', 'article-title': 'Efficacy and Safety of Azithromycin for the Treatment of COVID-19: A ' 'Systematic Review and Meta-analysis', 'volume': '84', 'author': 'Mangkuliguna', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Tuberc. Respir. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_67', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '520', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.018', 'article-title': 'Antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19: Rapid review and ' 'meta-analysis', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'Langford', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Microbiol. Infect.'}, { 'key': 'ref_68', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Bogdanić, N., Močibob, L., Vidović, T., Soldo, A., and Begovać, J. ' '(2022). Azithromycin consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic in ' 'Croatia, 2020. PLoS ONE, 17.', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0263437'}, { 'key': 'ref_69', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1599', 'DOI': '10.1513/AnnalsATS.202105-623LE', 'article-title': 'Use of Corticosteroid in Persistent Post–COVID-19 Interstitial Lung ' 'Disease', 'volume': '18', 'author': 'Khaw', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc.'}, { 'key': 'ref_70', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '51', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.327', 'article-title': 'Influence of chronic use of corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors ' 'on COVID-19 clinical outcomes: Analysis of a nationwide registry', 'volume': '116', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_71', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '372', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.27357', 'article-title': 'Do high-dose corticosteroids improve outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 ' 'patients?', 'volume': '94', 'author': 'Kumar', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'J. Med. Virol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_72', 'first-page': '1981', 'article-title': 'Systemic corticosteroids for management of ‘long-COVID’: An evaluation ' 'after 3 months of treatment', 'volume': '92', 'author': 'Goel', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_73', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '229', 'DOI': '10.1007/s43440-021-00341-0', 'article-title': 'Comparing efficacy and safety of different doses of dexamethasone in ' 'the treatment of COVID-19: A three-arm randomized clinical trial', 'volume': '74', 'author': 'Toroghi', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Pharmacol. Rep.'}, { 'key': 'ref_74', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1073', 'DOI': '10.4239/wjd.v6.i8.1073', 'article-title': 'Steroid hyperglycemia: Prevalence, early detection and therapeutic ' 'recommendations: A narrative review', 'volume': '6', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'World J. Diabetes'}, { 'key': 'ref_75', 'unstructured': 'Panel, C.-T.G. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment ' 'Guidelines, National Institutes of Health.'}, { 'key': 'ref_76', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Bhimraj, A., Morgan, R.L., Shumaker, A.H., Lavergne, V., Baden, L., ' 'Cheng, V.C.-C., Edwards, K.M., Gandhi, R., Muller, W.J., and O’Horo, ' 'J.C. (2020). Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on the ' 'treatment and management of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 ' '(COVID-19). Clin. Infect. Dis., ciaa478.', 'DOI': '10.1093/cid/ciaa478'}, { 'key': 'ref_77', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '227', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.035', 'article-title': 'Anticoagulation and bleeding risk in patients with COVID-19', 'volume': '196', 'author': 'Musoke', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Thromb. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_78', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '19', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.thromres.2020.11.020', 'article-title': 'Low molecular weight heparin and 28-day mortality among patients with ' 'coronavirus disease 2019: A cohort study in the early epidemic era', 'volume': '198', 'author': 'Qin', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Thromb. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_79', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2033', 'DOI': '10.1182/blood.2020006000', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation', 'volume': '135', 'author': 'Connors', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Blood'}, { 'key': 'ref_80', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '664', 'DOI': '10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005945', 'article-title': 'American Society of Hematology living guidelines on the use of ' 'anticoagulation for thromboprophylaxis in patients with COVID-19: July ' '2021 update on postdischarge thromboprophylaxis', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'Cuker', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Blood Adv.'}, { 'key': 'ref_81', 'first-page': '845', 'article-title': 'Surviving COVID-19 with heparin?', 'volume': '385', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Mass. Med. Soc.'}, { 'key': 'ref_82', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2226', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01291-5', 'article-title': 'Anticoagulation in COVID-19: Reaction to the ACTION trial', 'volume': '397', 'author': 'Berger', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': 'ref_83', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2214', 'DOI': '10.1111/jth.15808', 'article-title': 'ISTH guidelines for antithrombotic treatment in COVID-19', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'Schulman', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'J. Thromb. Haemost.'}, { 'key': 'ref_84', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1962', 'DOI': '10.1093/jac/dkab093', 'article-title': 'Clinical efficacy and safety of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19: A ' 'systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled ' 'trials', 'volume': '76', 'author': 'Lai', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J. Antimicrob. Chemother.'}, { 'key': 'ref_85', 'first-page': '10', 'article-title': 'A systematic review on the clinical studies of Remdesivir for COVID-19 ' 'in selected Asian countries', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Querequincia', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'J. Appl. Pharm. Sci.'}, { 'key': 'ref_86', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '305', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2116846', 'article-title': 'Early remdesivir to prevent progression to severe Covid-19 in ' 'outpatients', 'volume': '386', 'author': 'Gottlieb', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'N. Engl. J. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_87', 'unstructured': 'Infectious Diseases Society of America (2021). IDSA Guidelines on the ' 'Treatment and Management of Patients with COVID-19, Infectious Diseases ' 'Society of America.'}, { 'key': 'ref_88', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '238', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.021', 'article-title': 'Effects of tocilizumab on mortality in hospitalized patients with ' 'COVID-19: A multicentre cohort study', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'Muriel', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Microbiol. Infect.'}, { 'key': 'ref_89', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '865', 'DOI': '10.1093/infdis/jit527', 'article-title': 'Influenza A virus exacerbates Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in mice ' 'by attenuating antimicrobial peptide production', 'volume': '209', 'author': 'Robinson', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'J. Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_90', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '340', 'DOI': '10.1136/ejhpharm-2020-002669', 'article-title': 'Does timing matter on tocilizumab administration? Clinical, analytical ' 'and radiological outcomes in COVID-19', 'volume': '29', 'author': 'Diaz', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Hosp. Pharm.'}, { 'key': 'ref_91', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1154', 'DOI': '10.1080/22221751.2022.2059405', 'article-title': 'Clinical efficacy and safety of interleukin-6 receptor antagonists ' '(tocilizumab and sarilumab) in patients with COVID-19: A systematic ' 'review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Yu', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Emerg. Microbes Infect.'}, { 'key': 'ref_92', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '85', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.009', 'article-title': 'Use of ivermectin is associated with lower mortality in hospitalized ' 'patients with coronavirus disease 2019: The ivermectin in COVID ' 'nineteen study', 'volume': '159', 'author': 'Rajter', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Chest'}, { 'key': 'ref_93', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '548', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jiac.2021.12.024', 'article-title': 'Ivermectin administration is associated with lower gastrointestinal ' 'complications and greater ventilator-free days in ventilated patients ' 'with COVID-19: A propensity score analysis', 'volume': '28', 'author': 'Shimizu', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'J. Infect. Chemother.'}, { 'key': 'ref_94', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1145', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa1506115', 'article-title': 'A multicenter observational study of incretin-based drugs and heart ' 'failure', 'volume': '374', 'author': 'Filion', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'N. Engl. J. Med.'}], 'container-title': 'Healthcare', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/8/1192/pdf', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 12, 11]], 'date-time': '2023-12-11T05:14:45Z', 'timestamp': 1702271685000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/8/1192'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2023, 4, 21]]}, 'references-count': 94, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '8', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 4]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['healthcare11081192'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081192', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['2227-9032'], 'subject': [ 'Health Information Management', 'Health Informatics', 'Health Policy', 'Leadership and Management'], 'container-title-short': 'Healthcare', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2023, 4, 21]]}}
Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit