Why COVID-19 is not so spread in Africa: How does Ivermectin affect it?

{ 'institution': [{'name': 'medRxiv'}], 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 1]], 'date-time': '2024-03-01T23:50:51Z', 'timestamp': 1709337051255}, 'posted': {'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 26]]}, 'group-title': 'Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS)', 'reference-count': 12, 'publisher': 'Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory', 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'accepted': {'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 26]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Scientists ' 'have so far been unable to determine the reason for the low number of COVID-19 cases in ' 'Africa.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate ' 'the impact of ivermectin interventions for onchocerciasis on the morbidity, mortality, ' 'recovery, and fatality rates caused by ' 'COVID-19.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method</jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective ' 'statistical analysis study of the impact of ivermectin against COVID-19 between the 31 ' 'onchocerciasis-endemic countries using the community-directed treatment with ivermectin ' '(CDTI) and the non-endemic 22 countries in Africa. The morbidity, mortality, recovery rate, ' 'and fatality rate caused by COVID-19 were calculated from the WHO situation report in Africa. ' 'We investigated the onchocerciasis endemic 31 countries and the non-endemic 22 countries. ' 'Statistical comparisons used by the Welch test of them in the two groups were ' 'made.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>The morbidity and ' 'mortality were statistically significantly less in the 31 countries using CDTI. The recovery ' 'and fatality rates were not statistically significant difference. The average life expectancy ' 'was statistically significantly higher in the non-endemic ' 'countries.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>The ' 'morbidity and mortality in the onchocerciasis endemic countries are lesser than those in the ' 'non-endemic ones. The community-directed onchocerciasis treatment with ivermectin is the most ' 'reasonable explanation for the decrease in morbidity and fatality rate in Africa. In areas ' 'where ivermectin is distributed to and used by the entire population, it leads to a ' 'significant reduction in mortality.</jats:p></jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1101/2021.03.26.21254377', 'type': 'posted-content', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 26]], 'date-time': '2021-03-26T21:50:34Z', 'timestamp': 1616795434000}, 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 1, 'title': 'Why COVID-19 is not so spread in Africa: How does Ivermectin affect it?', 'prefix': '10.1101', 'author': [ {'given': 'Hisaya', 'family': 'Tanioka', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4288-5332', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Sayaka', 'family': 'Tanioka', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Kimitaka', 'family': 'Kaga', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '246', 'reference': [ { 'key': '2021032906250911000_2021.03.26.21254377v1.1', 'unstructured': 'Age, Sex, Existing Conditions of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths-Worldometer. ' 'Available at ' 'https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-age-sex-demographics/ ' 'Accessed February. 18, 21.'}, { 'key': '2021032906250911000_2021.03.26.21254377v1.2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/cid/ciaa556'}, { 'key': '2021032906250911000_2021.03.26.21254377v1.3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140101'}, { 'key': '2021032906250911000_2021.03.26.21254377v1.4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1080/21645515.2020.1818522'}, { 'key': '2021032906250911000_2021.03.26.21254377v1.5', 'unstructured': 'IVERMECTIN —A Potential global solution to the COVID-19 pandemic. FLCCC ' 'Alliance · October 31, 2020. Available at ivermectin_1.pdf ' '(kitasato-infection-control.info) Accessed February 27, 2021.'}, { 'key': '2021032906250911000_2021.03.26.21254377v1.6', 'unstructured': 'WHO | Regional Office for Africa. Onchocerciasis. Available at ' 'https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/onchocerciasis'}, { 'key': '2021032906250911000_2021.03.26.21254377v1.7', 'unstructured': 'WHO | African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC). Available at ' 'https://www.who.int/apoc/cdti/en/'}, { 'key': '2021032906250911000_2021.03.26.21254377v1.8', 'unstructured': 'United Nations: Population and Vital Statistics Report. Population, ' 'latest available census, and estimates, latest available data. (Last ' 'Updated: 15 January 2021) Available at ' 'https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/vitstats/seratab2.pdf'}, { 'key': '2021032906250911000_2021.03.26.21254377v1.9', 'unstructured': 'Weekly epidemiological update - 19 January 2021. WHO African Region. ' 'Available at ' 'https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update ' '19-january-2021'}, { 'key': '2021032906250911000_2021.03.26.21254377v1.10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1208/s12248-007-9000-9'}, { 'key': '2021032906250911000_2021.03.26.21254377v1.11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.191'}, { 'key': '2021032906250911000_2021.03.26.21254377v1.12', 'unstructured': 'South Africa Government News Agency. SAHPRA approves Ivermectin for ' 'controlled human use. Available at ' 'https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/sahpra-approves-ivermectin-controlled-human-use'}], 'container-title': [], 'original-title': [], 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1101/2021.03.26.21254377', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 29]], 'date-time': '2021-03-29T13:25:20Z', 'timestamp': 1617024320000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2021.03.26.21254377'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 26]]}, 'references-count': 12, 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.26.21254377', 'relation': {'has-review': [{'id-type': 'doi', 'id': '10.32388/808354', 'asserted-by': 'object'}]}, 'published': {'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 26]]}, 'subtype': 'preprint'}