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Risk of neuropsychiatric and related conditions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a difference-in-differences analysis

Lu et al., Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61961-1, Jul 2025
https://c19early.org/lu6.html
Retrospective 326,074 children and youths (5-20 years) showing statistically significant increased risks of neuropsychiatric conditions after COVID-19 infection. While the increased risks are small, they are significantly larger for severe cases (see supplementary tables 32-39).
Lu et al., 24 Jul 2025, retrospective, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, 30 authors, study period March 2020 - December 2022. Contact: ychen123@upenn.edu.
Risk of neuropsychiatric and related conditions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a difference-in-differences analysis
Yiwen Lu, Jiayi Tong, Dazheng Zhang, Jiajie Chen, Lu Li, Yuqing Lei, Ting Zhou, Leyna V Aragon, Michael J Becich, Saul Blecker, Nathan J Blum, Dimitri A Christakis, Mady Hornig, Maxwell M Hornig-Rohan, Ravi Jhaveri, W Schuyler Jones, Amber Brown Keebler, Kelly Kelleher, Susan Kim, Abu Saleh Mohammad Mosa, Kathleen Pajer, Jonathan Platt, Hayden T Schwenk, Bradley W Taylor, Levon H Utidjian, David A Williams, Raghuram Prasad, Josephine Elia, Christopher B Forrest, Yong Chen
Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61961-1
Risk of neuropsychiatric and related conditions associated
propensity score matching method with the covariates outlined in the Covariates section. After matching, we assessed the standardized mean difference (SMD) for each covariate, employing a cutoff value of 0•1. Subsequently, we compared the risk difference in neuropsychiatric and related conditions between the COVID-19 positive and the COVID-19 negative cohort. The characteristic balance results before and after propensity score matching are presented in Supplementary Note 4. Sensitivity analysis We performed comprehensive sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our findings. Initially, we conducted an analysis without age stratification and documented the results in the Supplementary Note 5. We also performed an analysis with a different control group, which was defined as patients with at least one negative test and one non-COVID respiratory disease diagnosis within 30 days of the negative test. Details of the study design and results are documented in the Supplementary Note 6. Furthermore, our sensitivity analysis included subgroup analyses in the Supplementary Note 7-12 based on gender (male and female), race/ethnicity (Asian/Pacific Islander (PI), Black/African-American(AA), Hispanic, and White), obesity, hospitalization status (non-hospitalized, hospitalized, and admitted to ICU), severity of symptoms (asymptomatic, mild, moderate, and severe), and time frames corresponding to predominant virus variants (pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron). Additionally, we..
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