COVID-19: Unveiling the Neuropsychiatric Maze—From Acute to Long-Term Manifestations

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 23]], 'date-time': '2024-05-23T00:27:28Z', 'timestamp': 1716424048476}, 'reference-count': 175, 'publisher': 'MDPI AG', 'issue': '6', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 22]], 'date-time': '2024-05-22T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1716336000000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'funder': [ { 'name': 'Universidad Simón Bolívar, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Extensión e Innovación, ' 'Barranquilla, Colombia'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread rapidly despite implementing strategies to reduce its ' 'transmission. The disease caused by this virus has been associated with a diverse range of ' 'symptoms, including common neurological manifestations such as dysgeusia, anosmia, and ' 'myalgias. Additionally, numerous cases of severe neurological complications associated with ' 'this disease have been reported, including encephalitis, stroke, seizures, and Guillain–Barré ' 'syndrome, among others. Given the high prevalence of neurological manifestations in this ' 'disease, the objective of this review is to analyze the mechanisms by which this virus can ' 'affect the nervous system, from its direct invasion to aberrant activation of the immune ' 'system and other mechanisms involved in the symptoms, including neuropsychiatric ' 'manifestations, to gain a better understanding of the disease and thus facilitate the search ' 'for effective therapeutic strategies.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3390/biomedicines12061147', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 22]], 'date-time': '2024-05-22T14:00:11Z', 'timestamp': 1716386411000}, 'page': '1147', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'COVID-19: Unveiling the Neuropsychiatric Maze—From Acute to Long-Term Manifestations', 'prefix': '10.3390', 'volume': '12', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0123-3629', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Daniela', 'family': 'Ariza', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of ' 'Medicine, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4002, Venezuela'}]}, { 'given': 'Lily', 'family': 'Castellar-Visbal', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, ' 'Barranquilla 080001, Colombia'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6203-181X', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Maria', 'family': 'Marquina', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of ' 'Medicine, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4002, Venezuela'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2169-3208', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Diego', 'family': 'Rivera-Porras', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y ' 'Sociales, Centro de Investigación en Estudios Fronterizos, ' 'Cúcuta 540001, Colombia'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0765-2290', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Nestor', 'family': 'Galbán', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of ' 'Medicine, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4002, Venezuela'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0761-5879', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Raquel', 'family': 'Santeliz', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of ' 'Medicine, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4002, Venezuela'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1878-3432', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Melissa', 'family': 'Gutiérrez-Rey', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, ' 'Barranquilla 080001, Colombia'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6604-4212', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Heliana', 'family': 'Parra', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of ' 'Medicine, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4002, Venezuela'}]}, { 'given': 'José', 'family': 'Vargas-Manotas', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, ' 'Barranquilla 080001, Colombia'}]}, { 'given': 'Wheeler', 'family': 'Torres', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of ' 'Medicine, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4002, Venezuela'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0009-0003-3729-8066', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Laura', 'family': 'Quintana-Espinosa', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, ' 'Barranquilla 080001, Colombia'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-8834', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Alexander', 'family': 'Manzano', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of ' 'Medicine, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4002, Venezuela'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3120-4757', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Lorena', 'family': 'Cudris-Torres', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de la Costa, ' 'Barranquilla 080001, Colombia'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1880-8887', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Valmore', 'family': 'Bermúdez', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, ' 'Barranquilla 080001, Colombia'}, { 'name': 'Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, ' 'Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Vida, Barranquilla ' '080001, Colombia'}]}], 'member': '1968', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 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