Vitamin D for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 302 studies (116 treatment studies and 186 sufficiency studies)

• 116 treatment studies show statistically significant lower risk for mortality, ICU admission, hospitalization, and cases.58 studies from 54 independent teams in 20 countries show statistically significant lower risk.• Random effects meta-analysis with pooled effects using the most serious outcome reported shows 60% [40‑74%] and 36% [31‑42%] lower risk for early treatment and for all studies. Results are similar for higher quality studies, peer-reviewed studies, and mortality: early treatment - 68% [45‑82%], 57% [36‑71%], 68% [39‑84%]; all - 37% [31‑42%], 40% [34‑46%], 36% [27‑43%].• Late stage treatment with calcifediol or calcitriol is more effective than cholecalciferol: 65% [41‑79%] vs. 38% [25‑49%].• 186 sufficiency studies show a strong association between vitamin D sufficiency and outcomes, with 52% [48‑56%] lower risk for higher levels.• No treatment or intervention is 100% effective. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. Multiple treatments are typically used in combination, and other treatments may be more effective. The quality of non-prescription supplements can vary widely Crawford, Crighton.• All data and sources to reproduce this paper are in the appendix. Other meta analyses show significant improvements with vitamin D treatment for mortality Argano, D’Ecclesiis, Hariyanto, Hosseini, Nikniaz, Shah, Xie, mechanical ventilation Hariyanto, Meng, Shah, Xie, ICU admission Hariyanto, Hosseini, Meng, Shah, Tentolouris, Xie, hospitalization Argano, severity D’Ecclesiis, Nikniaz, Varikasuvu, Xie, and cases Varikasuvu.